Blank Paper Assignment In World History - Free Essay Example

Applying A Definition For Science - 963 Words

Applying a definition for science is a difficult thing to do considering there are various perspectives on the matter. People ranging from novelists to ecologists to journalists to environmentalists have their definitions which each contribute its own part to the meaning. Different parts of the definition include ecosystems, the environment, the hard sciences as well as the scientific method. Paul Keddy is an ecologist whose primary concern is wetlands. His approach focused on the state of these wetlands and how they are important to the Earth as well as to the people. By incorporating facts about this specific ecosystem, he emphasizes its preservation and the significance it holds. Wetlands offer carbon storage, flood control, maintenance of biodiversity, fish production, and aquifer recharge as well as other services (Keddy 141). Keddy explains that by decreasing its size, limits and restrictions are placed on these valuable services. Despite the many amenities wetlands provide, there are still many unknown which leaves a huge dilemma because if people aren’t aware of the significance of this particular ecosystem, they won’t care much to try and fight for its conservation. Even the ones that are well known, such as the Mississippi River Basin, which is intensively studied, is â€Å"†¦often treated in isolation, which misses two important scientific o pportunities: that of learning from work carried out elsewhere, and that of sharing knowledge† (Keddy 163). His science is one thatShow MoreRelatedIs Science Rational? Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagestopics of study, â€Å"Science† being one of them. We make presumptions, based on either reasonable evidence or that our thoughts and ideas are known as true by others. Through this we have come to understand and define science as its aims, leaving its definition, whether consciously or unconsciously, unchallenged. We have taken advantage of the label that we have set for science, as well as its goals, and failed to look at them further. So what do we consider Science? Pure? ObjectiveRead MoreOn The Sacred Disease, By Bronislaw Malinowski And Hippocrates1549 Words   |  7 PagesSacred Disease,† would act as support to Malinowski’s anthropological study of magic amongst primitive peoples in the twentieth century entitled â€Å"Magic, Science and Religion.† Malinowski’s essay analyzes the origin of magic, the definition of science, and deciphers whether or not antediluvian societies acknowledge a distinction between magic and science. Alternatively, Hippocrates muses on the subject of epilepsy, the disease’s genesis, and why â€Å"witch-doctors† resort to supernal cures opposed to systematicRead MoreThe Impact Of Political Media On The Political Process Of The United States Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages1 Political marketing: Definition, History and Scholarship. Political marketing has established itself as a substantial segment of the political process and as a field of academia. Marketing theory has been influenced by different disciplines it has also contributed, to the development of other academic areas within management studies (Day, 1992 ; Hunt and Lambe, 2000 ).Political marketing has been conceived as a sub-discipline of mainstream marketing, thus its definitions have echoed evolutionsRead MoreBiography Of Isaac Newton s Life1274 Words   |  6 PagesIsaac Newton It was the 4th of January 1643, Christmas Day according to the Julian Calendar, when one of the greatest minds of science was born, Isaac Newton. He was born and raised in the town of Woolsthorpe, United Kingdom. Born without a father and raised by his maternal grandmother after his mother left to remarry a wealthier man, since three years old, Newton lead an unforgettable childhood. Newton’s mother came back when her second husband died. His mother’s return in 1653 forced Newton toRead MoreEssay on Defining Public Relations983 Words   |  4 Pagesattempt to define Public Relations based on my own interpretation of the assigned reading, as well as other outside sources. I will compare and contrast three published definitions of public relations in an attempt to explain why the field of Public Relations is so difficult to define. Defining Public Relations Personal Definition of Public Relations nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Public Relations is a general term used to encompass the strategies involved in positively impacting an organization’sRead MorePolitical Trust : An Empirical Perspective958 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical trust in an empirical perspective Political trust as a concept is widely used and analysed in political sciences. However, there seems to be no clear consensus regarding the definition of political trust and its application in current empirical studies. 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Coad is involved in the Centre of Children and Families Applied Research, and the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences at Coventry University. P. Hicks is a part of the Centre for Health Informatics, and the School of Computer Science and Statistics at Trinity College in Dublin. Lastly, M. Glacken is a part of the Department of Nursing and Health Sciences at St. Angela’s College. This articleRead MoreNursing Informatics784 Words   |  4 PagesInformatics? Nursing informatics (NI) has been evolving for many years and essentially has a variety of definitions. According to Toni Hebda and Patricia Czar (2005), â€Å"nursing informatics may be broadly defined as the use of information and computer technology to support all aspects of nursing practice, including direct delivery of care, administration, education, and research† (p. 9). This definition which has been modified several times is the current edition of the NI Scope and Standards of PracticeRead MoreManagement and People1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe full scope of management Management has different definitions, from different theorists. There are various ways of describing management, so in this assignment the different definitions of management would be discussed and we would also see how most of the definitions are similar, along with their functions. We should consider management look at why management is very relevant. We should see how the various views of these management theorists are similar and also if they contrast. Management

Incident free essay sample

In the Disaster in Franklin County simulation (Regents of the University of Minnesota [UMN], 2006), there were several key personnel in the incident command team. This concept is utilized in real disasters when the Public Health Director is responsible for collaborating with the other key personnel from the community. Some of these people are the Fire Chief, Police Chief and EMS Director who collectively provide a summary of potential public health concerns resulting from the disaster. Often the issues that need to be addressed are obtainment of necessary supplies, potential evacuation plans, management of power outages and hazardous spills, activation of emergency personnel and communication to the public. The Public Health Director will establish the Incident Command Center and assign responsibilities to the various sections. The Public Health Nurse is usually part of a multi-disciplinary team that is deployed to check on residents after a disaster and/or staff the temporary shelters. In the Disaster in Franklin County simulation, the nurse is deployed to go door to door to assess the needs of the residents. The primary function at this time is to triage the victims and evacuate or obtain additional resources based on the specific needs. The nurse also is heavily involved in communication and education about the state of recovery and safety protocols that should be initiated. Chain of Command Chain of Command, as defined by The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), is â€Å"an orderly line of authority within the ranks of the incident management organization† (ICS Intro, n. . , Lesson 2). The Incident Commander defines the incident action plan and assigns the roles of the incident response team (ICS, 2010). The Public Information Officer makes sure that accurate information is communicated to the public and involved agencies. The Planning Chief gathers, analyzes and disseminates information to everyone. He or she is preparing for what else can occur. The Logistics Section Chief is responsible for obtaining equipment, supplies and space needed to carry out the actions of the team. The Liaison Officer is the contact person for supporting agencies and relays information and provides briefings when indicated. The Operations Section Chief organizes, assigns and oversees the team members. The Finance / Administration Chief ensures that all financial processes are correct and monitors resources that have been used (Regents of the University of Minnesota [UMN], 2006). Resources The community health nurse often covers large areas in a disaster and will need to be able to direct citizens to various areas based on their needs. The ability to identify available resources will be invaluable to these nurses as well as the victims. Safety and shelter are some of the most important issues that these nurses will need to address. The strength of a qualified community health nurse comes from knowing the resources available to them to address situations that are out of their scope of practice. Environmental Health Specialists, Social Services, Public Health Director, and Center for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) are agencies that are often consulted. One example of this utilization is a pre-printed informational pamphlet on various topics in several languages that nurses can distribute. During times of stress, victims have so many problems which they are dealing with that it is often hard to concentrate and process all information that they hear. Having this information in written format gives them something to refer back to after the nurse is gone. Other resources are key people in the Public Health Departments to assist with problems such as hazardous pills, grief counseling, evacuation to relief shelters and higher level medical treatment. Actions of Community Health Nurse One of the most critical roles of a Community Health Nurse is to assess the urgent health issues and availability of food, water and necessary medical supplies. Once these immediate health concerns are assessed, the nurse will evaluate the entire situation and their expanded needs. Assistance with this will require the nurse to know the various resources ava ilable in the area and how best to utilize them. In one scenario in the Disaster in Franklin County, a resident inquires about a hazardous spill in their shed. The nurse has pamphlets from organizations like the CDC in several languages that can be distributed for guidance until an Environment Health Specialist can be deployed. The nurse leaves this written information with the victim and makes contact with the appropriate department for further evaluation. The female in the second household appears to be under a great deal of stress because of the additional challenges taking care of a baby and mother in law in this situation. The nurse listens compassionately and then educates the resident on the possibility of relocating to a shelter which can offer supplies and additional support. The nurse also contacts social services to assist the family and arranges for someone to visit the household. The third household had residents that were non-English speaking and the nurse had difficulty communicating with them in their native language. The ability to furnish the resident with pamphlets in their native language allowed the nurse to deliver the basic safety instructions and then arrange to have someone follow up with them that was fluent in their native language. The fourth household that was discussed in the simulation had the potential for a medical emergency because of the inability for the resident to obtain medication for hypertension. The nurse realized that this must be addressed and arranged relocation to a shelter. This shelter supplied the necessary medication as well as medical supervision as needed. Coping With Aftermath Problems resulting from disasters linger for quite some time after the acute phase in a disaster and victims may have issues arise that they were not aware of initially. Community health nurses are often a primary point of contact for many of these situations and must be prepared for various problems. Sometimes, they are called on to simply reassure the victim that they are not alone in the situation and that help will continue to come. When a nurse allows a victim to discuss their concerns, the nurse can quickly expedite referrals to the appropriate area if it is out of their scope of practice. Occasionally, just having the validation and reassurance from a professional instills hope that things will get better soon. In the situation where the caller stated that her husband was angry and her child was drawing disturbing pictures of the storm, the nurse first made sure that the caller was not in any danger. After that, reassurance was given and a referral was made to a more qualified provider for counseling. When another caller identified the problems with mold in the basement, the nurse validated that this sounded serious and informed the victim that appropriate environmental specialist would be contacted immediately to come and evaluate the problem. In addition to validating the potential seriousness of the problem, the nurse knew the area to contact for assistance and handled this for the victim. The nurse quickly identified the importance of the call from the father of the child with the burns on her hands from picking up a ball from a ditch and called 911 immediately. The nurse’s medical training and critical thinking skills guided this decision to prevent potential harm from occurring to others in the area. By notifying 911, the area would be secured quickly and the other departments would be called in as indicated. Throughout all of this, the community nurse functions as the center of a wheel to receive and distribute key information. Techniques In stressful situations people in authority or key positions have the ability to agitate or soothe those that have been affected. The most important thing that the nurse must do is listen intently to what the victim is saying. This is the only way that they can assess the safety of the victim and understand the entire situation. If the nurse feels that safety is an issue, he or she must immediately contact the appropriate department while remaining calm and supportive. The nurse must be able to empathize with what the victim is going through and reassure them that they are not alone. The nurse involved each of the residents in the decision making related to their situation. By clearly stating the various options and discussing the benefits of each, the nurse assisted in giving them some sense of control back into their life. Professionalism is another trait that the nurse must portray, especially as it relates to various departments or agencies. Disasters cause an enormous amount of additional work and stress to systems and consequently may result in slower process times. Instead of criticizing these departments for the timeliness of resolutions, the nurse should maintain accurate updates and communicate this to the victims while reassuring them. If the nurse does not have information that is requested, he or she should either facilitate the victim getting to the appropriate area or research it and follow up with the victim. Preparation of Nurses Reports from ineffective emergency responses indicate that poor responses primarily result from inadequate management (ICS Intro, n. d. ). Effective emergency response and management begins with extensive planning and training involving multiple agencies in a community. This planning and training is ongoing and is updated based on the size of the community, resources available and potential threats to the area. Community nurses will be responsible for treating victims in a holistic manner. In the position paper â€Å"The Role of Public Health Nurses in Emergency Preparedness and Response† (The Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing [ASTDN], 2007, p. 5-8), several competencies related to emergency preparedness are discussed. Community health nurses must be well informed of their agency’s role and expectation, be able to describe the chain of command and supervision during an emergency response situation, be knowledgeable of the emergency response plan, know their functional roles and how to execute them, correctly demonstrate required skills and use of required equipment, understand their communication role, identify key resources for situations outside their expertise, recognize and triage deviations that may indicate potential problems and participate in continuing education and evaluating drills. Preventing, preparing, responding and recovering from any type of disaster is more important now, than ever before, for anyone in the healthcare profession. Because of this, nurses may serve as first responders and function in various roles collaborating with other emergency workers to protect the safety and health of communities. References Intro to Incident Command Sysstem. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://emilms. fema. gov/IS100b/ICS01summary. tm Introduction to the Incident Command System (ICS 100) for healthcare/hospitals. (2010). Retrieved May 5, 2013, from http://www. training. fema. gov Regents of the University of Minnesota (Producer). (2006). Disaster in Franklin County. Retrieved from http://www. sph. umn. edu/details/course/7594/ The Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing. (2007). The role of public health nurses in emergency preparedness and response. Retrieved from http://www. phnurse. org

Management strategies Of Intrepid Travel Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management strategies Of Intrepid Travel Company. Answer: Analysis of Management strategies Planning and strategy Intrepid Travel Company offers many benefits to its employees so that the operations of the company can be smoothly conducted. The emphasis is to provide good services to the customers so that satisfaction level of the customers can be increased. The values of the company are taken into consideration at the time of conducting the activities of the organization. The values of the company are innovation, leadership, and teamwork. Strategic goals of the company are revised for setting benchmarks which need to be attained from the execution of the operations. Innovation is used as a strategy for enhancing the quality of the services offered (Intrepid Travel, 2018). Goals and planning strategy The Company analyzes the market condition so that the activities can be conducted accordingly. The main motive of the company is to provide quality services to the customers for satisfying their needs. Intrepid Travel Company is operating as a not-for-profit organization with a motive to satisfy the customers (Intrepid Travel, 2018). Approaches to planning and sustainability To operate the activities of the company in a proper manner it is essential to consider proper planning so that goals can be accomplished effectively. Sustainability also has an essential role in Intrepid Travel Company. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on modern and innovative approach. Intrepid Travel Company is focusing on using innovative services so as to enhance the satisfaction level of the customers. Sustainable designs are being integrated in the products or services offered by Intrepid Travel Company. Different factors have been taken into consideration for incorporating sustainability in the business practices. These factors include leadership, governance, communication and training, reporting, pressure from stakeholders and commitment from top level and lower level (Caliyurt and Yuksel, 2017). Human resource management The Company recruits those candidates who have proper idea of the working pattern of the company. The emphasis of the company is to maintain proper human resource in the organization so that the satisfaction level of the customers can be enhanced. It is also essential to retain employees so that the activities can be conducted smoothly. Professors of the company offer cross culture training and development so that candidates can easily evaluate the working pattern of the employees (Sparrow, et. al., 2016). Competitive strategies Intrepid Travel Company considers porter generic strategies so that the overall objectives of the company can be achieved. Intrepid Travel Company is focusing on Human resource for gaining competitive advantage over the others in the market. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on employment security, incentive pay, employee ownership, symbolic egalitarianism, participation and empowerment, incentive pay, long-term perspective and selectivity in recruiting. Another approach adopted by Intrepid Travel Company through which it has gained competitive advantage is job analysis, job description and job evaluation (Savitz, 2013). To find right candidates and proper employees Intrepid Travel Company has adopted effective strategies for the purpose of selection of the right candidates for performing the operations of the organization. Digital media has been selected for reaching the candidates and attracting them towards the organization. Another strategy adopted by Intrepid Travel Company include different steps. First step is to analyze the culture of the company so as to identify the requirement of the individuals for performing a particular job. Detailed job descriptions are developed in the second step of the strategy. Well-structured interviews are prepared by Intrepid in the third step. Tests are conducted in the next step for the analysis of the skills and knowledge of the candidates. Personal interviews are conducted in the next step and selection is made on the basis of the qualifications of the candidate (Schuckert, et. al., 2015). Strategies adopted by Intrepid Travel Company for developing and maintaining effective workforce An effective strategy has been formulated on the basis of which employees are hired in Intrepid Travel Company. Company has adopted an effective recruitment strategy for hiring the capable and skilled candidates which suits to the requirement of the company. Effective communication channel is developed by the top level management for ensuring the flow of information among the employees. Incentives are being offered by the company to the employees so as to maintain an effective workforce. Performance of the employees is measured and incentives are offered to the workforce. Motivational approaches are being used for enhancing the satisfaction level of the employees and resolving the issues faced by them. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on identifying the issues faced by the workforce and solving these issues (Ehnert, et. al., 2014). Sustainable practices in Intrepid Travel Company Sustainability is concerned to create a proper ecological balance of the environment. It has played an important role in Intrepid Travel Company. Intrepid has adopted a sustainable practice in which focus is on reproducing the capabilities of the workforce which helps the employees to secure the jobs and also enhances the satisfaction level. The organization is able to survive for the long term if there is proper management of human resources in the organization. This practice has helped in enhancing the productivity of the employees which contributed towards the vision of Intrepid. The activities can be conducted smoothly by having proper focus and good communication system with the employees (Ehnert, et. al., 2014). Leadership Leadership in the organization helps the employees to give direction in a correct manner. If proper leadership is there in the organization than proper direction is given to the employees. Positive results can also be achieved if there are proper leadership styles considered by the company (Stead Stead, 2013). Styles of leadership There are many styles of leadership that is evaluated by Intrepid Travel Company so that the travelers feel happy and satisfied with the services offered to them. The company uses original leadership styles so that the employees can conduct the activities with efficiency and dedication. To achieve competitive environment it is seen that cross-cultural leadership also helps the company to evaluate the activities in an effective manner. The Company helps to motivate the workers so that the activities can be conducted according to the rules of the company (Mittal, 2015). Features of leadership Leadership has helped Intrepid Travel Company in increasing the factor of motivation and helps to achieve positive results. The leader of the company also tries to maintain a good relationship between the employees of the organization so that the work can be conducted smoothly. Qualities of leaders are the dedication and good attitude that help to solve every problem of the company. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on developing an effective communication channel for handling the issues faced by the employees in a better way (Porter and Kramer, 2011). Role of Leadership in inspiring and motivating employees Transformational leadership has been adopted by Intrepid Travel Company which has helped in identification of the changes required, developing a vision for guiding the efforts and execution of the change. Leaders of Intrepid are working with the subordinates for motivating and inspiring others in the organization. Four elements of Transformational leadership have been considered by Intrepid Travel Company. These elements are idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and inspirational motivation (Schuckert, et. al., 2015). Sustainability in leadership Sustainability is an important part of leadership as it assists the company to compete in the competitive environment. It also analyzes the wants and requirement of the employees. Leaders of the company should consider the practices of sustainability so that the proper leadership can be given to the employees. Sustainability in Leadership has helped in focusing on the enhancement of the employment process of Intrepid and retention of the employees (Porter and Kramer, 2011). Controlling the value chain and technology Intrepid Travel Company value chain is to give proper services to the customers. In the value chain, there are many innovative techniques that are considered by the company so that the negative impact can be reduced (Caliyurt and yuksel, 2017). The company also invests in various projects so that the carbon emission can be reduced. The Company is concerned with the proper travel process that helps the employees to enhance the supply chain of the company. For example: convenience is given to the customers so that demand can be enhanced. Sustainability also has the major part in the value chain and technology so that the resources can be managed in a proper manner (Stead Stead, 2017). References Caliyurt, K. Yuksel, U., 2017, Sustainable supply chain management: the good, the bad and the ugly,Sustainability and management: an international perspective,pp. 277-287. Caliyurt, K. Yuksel, U., 2017, Sustainability in airlines,Sustainability and management: an international perspective,pp. 174-187. Ehnert, I.,Zink, W. Harry, K., 2014,Sustainability and hrm,Sustainability and human resource management,pp. 3 -33. Intrepid Travel, 2018, [Online] About Us. Accessed on: 04 February 2018. Available at: https://www.intrepidtravel.com/us/about Mittal, R., 2015, Charismatic and transformational leadership styles: A cross-cultural perspective,International Journal of Business and Management,10(3), p.26. Porter, M. E. Kramer, M. R., 2011, Creating shared value: Redefining capitalism and the role of the corporation in society,Harvard Business Review,89(1/2), pp.62-77. Savitz, A., 2013,The triple bottom line: how today's best-run companies are achieving economic, social and environmental success-and how you can too, John Wiley Sons. Schuckert, M., Liu, X. Law, R., 2015, Hospitality and tourism online reviews: Recent trends and future directions,Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,32(5), pp.608-621. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. Chung, C., 2016,Globalizing human resource management, Routledge. Stead, G. Stead, E., 2013,Organisational governance and strategic leadership in SSM,Sustainable strategic management (2nd edition),pp. 239-245. Stead, G. Stead, E., 2017,Value chain analysis,Sustainable strategic Marketing management,pp. 109-112.

Family Related Issues Essays - Leave, Business Law,

1) Explain if it matters that a parent literally had nothing to do with a biological child in order for the child to take advantage of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) to care for that parent. According to the FMLA standards they do not state whether a parent who was physically or financially there for their biological child can take advantage of the program. Although the FMLA has many restrictions, being able to care for an absent parent is not one of them. The Act specifically states that employees qualify for the program when either they or a family member suffer from a ?serious health condition? ("The family and," 2011; Halbert, The employee must have worked for the company for more than 12 months. They also must have worked at least 1, 250 hours during the previous year ("The family and," 2011). It also states that the condition must either prevent the worker from performing his or her job, or require the worker to care for the sickly family member ("The family and," 2011 ). In the case of caring for a parent that was absent from their child?s life is more of a moral issue. A child is not obligated to take care of a parent; it is totally up to that person as to wh ether they would want to deal with that matter. After all the man was still Tony?s father, and even though he was never in his life for whatever reason. Tony still feels as though it is his duty to be there for his father in his time of need. With Tony he wanted to do the right thing for his father, even though he never had a relationship with him. Tony seen taking care of his father as the perfect opportunity to create a bond between the both of them and it may have been his last chance to really get to know him. There are three different kinds of FMLA leave that Tony would qualify for to care for his father. First, there is the Continuous FMLA leave when an employee is absent for more than three consecutive business days and has been treated by a doctor ("The family and," 2011). Second, there is the Intermittent FMLA leave which is when an employee is taking time off in separate blocks due to a serious health condition that qualifies for FMLA. This leave can be in hourly, daily, or weekly increments ("The family and," 2011 ). Last, there is the Reduced schedule FMLA leave, which is when an employee needs to reduce the amount of hours they work per day or per week, often to care for a family member or to reduce stress. If Tony did decide to care for his father then he would have no problems being covered under the program. 2) Explain whether the size of the business can have any effect on whether Tony is eligible for family leave under the FMLA. A businesses size has a tremendous effect on a person?s eligibility for the FMLA program. Even though Rally Motors is a small company Tony should still be eligible to take leave under FMLA. The Act states that in a company Employees are eligible to take FMLA leave if they have worked for their employer for at least 12 months, and have worked for at least 1,250 hours over the previous 12 months, and work at a location where at least 50 employees are employed by the employer within 75 miles ("The family and," 2011; Halbert, This rule is better known as the ?50/75? rule. Now if the company had less than 50 employees, then they would not be required to implement the FMLA because the company may not be able to function with a small amount of personnel ("The family and," 2011; Halbert, In one part of the video Tony?s tells Mr. Herman that he has at least fifty employees if he counted everyone that was currently working for the company. Mr. Herman?s gripe was that the company was very smal l, and everyone in the company was a crucial asset to the business. As long Rally

Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Essays

Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Essays Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Paper Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Paper Essay Topic: Discipline and Punish the Birth Of the Prison Popular Andrew Ettinghausen is familiar Australian-wide not only through his performance on the rugby field but also through his appearances in the media as a model for advertisements for a variety of products, like mens clothing. According to Buchbinder, he therefore runs the risk of becoming that anathematised thing, the male object of the gaze. Many of his appearances in television commercials evade the simple objectification of his body, and hence of his discursive position, by some of the strategies mentioned. However, a nude photograph of the famous Ettinghausen body invites his transformation into an eroticised object of the gaze. By allowing his body to be viewed as an object Ettinghausen was deemed, apparently, to have forfeited his claim to subjectivity, and hence control over his body. It became, as it were, public property. The Ettinghausen case throws suggestively into relief a number of the anxieties and concerns that beset men trying to live in accordance to the dominant model of masculinity, not the least of which is the positioning of the male as the object of the gaze which on one hand disciplines and supervises and on the other, may also articulate that of desire. 8 Moreover, Ettinghausens story also suggests that, according to Buchbinder, for all masculinitys pervasive tyranny over both men and women in the culture, its superiority and power rest on fragile, even treacherous, foundations. 9 In contrast, not all agree on the desirability of women looking at men. While some argue that this change represents a genuine advance, others suggest that to turn men into sex objects is a setback for the debate surrounding equal opportunity. Consensus is impossible in this debate, but Creed says that at least the debate has made one definite gain, being that it has forced general recognition that women do, and should be allowed to, derive pleasure from looking, an activity that for too long has been the preserve of men10. Creed continues by saying that the concept of masculinities also reinforces the view that gender is a constructed category rather than a pre given category. Sean Dixon also argues, like Creed, that, masculinity is not a fixed and unitary category.. Rather, like all identities masculinities are invented categories11. The re emergence of womens movements, mens movements and the gay liberation movement has raised questions regarding dominant forms of masculinity and defined masculinity as a problem in recent times, as mentioned previously. Economic changes within society have also been a major contributor in regards to destabilising and re defining masculinity. Shifts within dominant forms of masculinity have also occurred due to these economic changes. The question may now be raised as to; has hegemonic masculinity changed? In response, it may be argued that yes, hegemonic masculinity has in fact changed, especially in terms of ideals. The development of new consumer markets, for example the expanding dare to care market, has had a massive impact upon the changing representations of men and masculinity in popular culture. The new mens magazines provide a good place to start looking at these new consumer markets and changing representations. According to Tony Schirato and Susan Yell, there are several reasons for the appearance of these new mens magazines on the stands. Firstly, the increasing public profile and acceptance of the mens movement, indicates that there is a discursive space in which men talking about men can take place. Secondly, the expanding market recognises the demand by advertisers for a print media vehicle for marketing to men more broadly. Thirdly, mens increasing exposure to and wider acceptance of feminism has therefore challenged polarised notions surrounding gender identity. 12 These magazines provide a discursive site for the production and circulation of new forms of masculine subjectivity says Schirato and Yell. Some critics argue that while film, lifestyle magazines and popular culture are prepared to examine masculinity, they are not prepared to question male power itself. Creed suggests that this seems as true today as it was 70 years ago, judging by the surrealists discussions. The mainstream press and television programs hardly ever articulate awareness of the existence of a range of masculinities, instead promoting masculinity as a unitary category. 13 It is important to acknowledge that a range of masculinities exist within society when assessing the question as to whether representations of men and masculinity are changing in popular culture. The media rarely question the nature surrounding the masculinity displayed by male sporting heroes and politicians to name a few. Masculinity is a transparent, singular, obvious quality. 14 This view was confirmed in the late 1990s by cultural theorist Jackie Cook in her study associated with the representations depicted of male bodies in mens magazines, for instance, in Flex Magazine, Musclemag and Ralph. She concluded that although more attention was given to health issues and the body, there appeared that there was no particular change in images of masculinity itself, especially in relation to its ongoing social and cultural dominance. 15 Cook argues that although men may adopt provocative poses that were once the territory of the female model, women continue to be depicted as ornaments. Therefore it may be argued that yes, changes are associated with the representations of men and masculinity in popular culture, but these changes are perhaps not real changes. Creed suggests that, unless men are prepared to question the nature of male power its alignment with aggression and its subordination of women and children it is difficult to envisage any lasting or worthwhile changes taking place. 16 It can be concluded that representations of men and masculinity in popular culture are changing due to the new man phenomenon which may be described as a true creation of the media, although changes addressing the inner workings of the male are yet to be seen. Robert Bly believes that, men are still encouraged to look upwards and out rather than inwards and down, into themselves. 17 It may also be seen that new relations exist in terms of looking that challenge the conventional dynamics where men own the gaze and others are the object of the gaze. Cultural theorist L. H. M Ling warns of the problems which surface when the issue of masculine identity continues to be defined as hyper masculinity. 18 It is crucial that masculinity be re thought particularly in relation to the new global media. 19. References B.Creed, Media Matrix: Sexing the New Reality, North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2003, ch. 5, The Full Monty: Postmodern Men and the Media D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994 J. Hearn, The Gender Oppression: Men, masculinity and the critique of Marxism, Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books Limited,1987 J. Cook, Mens Magazines at the Millennium Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, vol. 14, 2000 L. H. M Ling, Sex Machine: Global Hyper masculinity and Images of the Asian Woman in Modernity Positions, vol. 7, no. 2, 1999 R. Bly, Iron John, New York: Addison Wesley, 1990 S. Nixon, Exhibiting Masculinity in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall, London: Sage, 1997 T. Schirato S. Yell, The new mens magazines and the performance of masculinity, Media International Australia, no. 92, 1999 Bibliography C. W. Franklin, The Changing Definition of Masculinity, New York: Plenum Press, 1984 D. Coad, Gender Trouble Down Under: Australian Masculinities, Paris, Presses Universitaires de Valenciennes, ch. 6 The Queer Nineties, 1992 D. Savran, Taking It Like A Man: White Masculinity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Culture, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998 H. Franks, Goodbye Tarzan: Men After Feminism, NSW: Allen Unwin, 1984 M. Dyson, Re negotiating the Australian Legend: Khe Sanh and the Jimmy Barnes Stage Persona, Limina, vol. 4, 1998 R. W. Connell, Masculinities, NSW: Allen Unwin, 1995 1 J. Hearn, The Gender Oppression: Men, masculinity and the critique of Marxism, Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books Limited,1987, p. 5 2 Note 1, p. 6 : Kimmel, 1987. 3 Note 1, p. 8 4 D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994, p. 2 5 Note 4, p. 3 6 B. Creed, Media Matrix: Sexing the New Reality, North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2003, ch. 5, The Full Monty: Postmodern Men and the Media pp. 78 96 7 Note 6 8 The notion of the supervising and disciplining gaze is developed by Michael Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1977) in D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994 9 Note 4, p. 83 10 Note 6, p. 84 11 S. Nixon, Exhibiting Masculinity in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall, London: Sage, p. 301 12 T. Schirato S. Yell, The new mens magazines and the performance of masculinity, Media International Australia, no. 92, p. 81 90 13 Note 6 14 Note 6 15 J. Cook, Mens Magazines at the Millennium Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, vol. 14. p. 171 86 16 Note 6 17 R. Bly, Iron John, New York: Addison Wesley, 1990 18 L. H. M Ling, Sex Machine: Global Hyper masculinity and Images of the Asian Woman in Modernity Positions, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 277 306.

What strategies are effective in prolonging breastfeeding Essay

What strategies are effective in prolonging breastfeeding - Essay Example Also, breast milk is economical, readily available (NHS, 2007), and could positively affect the child’s IQ level. (Angelsen et al., 2001) For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends mothers to breastfeed their baby up to the first 6th month of age (WHO, 2007) while others recommend that breastfeeding should last up to the 12th month of age (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2003). Considering the benefits of breastfeeding, it is necessary to determine several strategies that could prolong the breastfeeding between the nursing mother and a new born infant. In the process, the research study will contribute a lot to the â€Å"Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative† (BFHI) project that was organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) back in 1992 in order to promote a global breast-feeding practice. (Unicef, 2007) A lot of mothers are experiencing difficulties related to breastfeeding during the early part of postpartum period. There are quite a number of factors such as the type of labour and birth (Jordan et al., 2005; Henderson et al., 2003; Rowe-Murray & Fisher, 2002; Sinusas & Gagliardi, 2001) as well as nutritional intake the expectant mother (McCrory et al., 1999) has been exposed with may affect the production of breast milk among the newly mothers. A good example related to the type of labour is the research study conducted by Torvaldsen et al. (2006), Baumgarder et al. (2003, and Henderson et al. (2003) showing the use of epidurals or adding fentanyl (an opoid) to epidurals analgesia during the time the expectant mother is in labour blocks the opportunity for mothers to fully breastfed their infants few days after the delivery. Eventually, the drug ceases breast milk production during or right after the first 24 weeks. Although it has been noted that the use of epidurals could result to difficulty in breastfeeding, the impact of

Enabling Australian Aged Clients to live independently in the Research Paper

Enabling Australian Aged Clients to live independently in the community through Advanced care Planning - Research Paper Example Data Sources: The data collected for the purpose of this paper are fundamentally from secondary sources such as articles, journals, books, online publications and governmental reports among others. It is owing to the fact that the findings obtained from these sources shall substantiate the need of updated and reliable information regarding the healthcare policies and services rendered to the elderly population in Australia. Discussion: The discussion conducted in this paper attempts to develop an understanding in relation to the issue identified with reference to the theories and the views put forward by various authors. Based on these views, the discussion further elaborates on the critical analysis of the healthcare services rendered to the elderly population by the concerned organizations in Australia. Implications for Health/Discipline: The implications obtained from the discussion of this paper indicate that nursing training and development programs shall be needed to augment th e efficiency level in Australian healthcare units. ... been discussed in this section which includes developing knowledge not only amid the elder population but also amid the younger populace from a long-term perspective. Summary Statement What is already known about this topic? The nursing practices and its importance along with the role of modern services in the healthcare units for serving the patients and aged clients Role played by aged clients within the community in developing, training and controlling the young generation with proper cultural norms; thus influencing the social structure What this paper adds? An explanation of the rising trends of aged clients in the Australian economy and its effects on the social inclinations An account of the modern facilities and policies adopted by healthcare units for serving the aged clients in order to make them live independently and influence them to serve the community well-being Implications for practice and/or policy Suitable policy should be adopted by the healthcare unit in order to serve the patients according to their requirements Suitable policy helps to build a good working environment for the doctors and the nurses along with avoiding the misunderstandings and conflicts existing within the social environment Introduction In many countries, aged people are often identified to be treated impatiently, disregarding their value of life and their contribution to the overall societal development. Hence, at times, the elderly population has to witness challenges in availing better facilities from the community as well as from personal belongings. In protecting the elderly population from these circumstances, government and social bodies can be identified to implement certain steps such as building of old-age homes and supplying the aged member present in the house with

Religion and the Arts, Churches and Cathedrals - Buildings and Beliefs Essay

Religion and the Arts, Churches and Cathedrals - Buildings and Beliefs - Essay Example The medieval priory church has an interesting history, architectural features, and other unique elements The purpose of this paper is to investigate the history of the Priory Church of St. Bartholomew focusing on the period of its construction, analyse the architectural features characteristic of the period, and discuss other interesting aspects of the building. Smithfield was originally a flat grassy area of high ground to the north-west of the City of London, outside the city walls. During the Roman occupation, Smithfield was used as a cemetery and cremation grounds, since these were not permitted by Roman law within the walled City. During the Norman invasions, the Smithfield area reverted to agricultural use (Rees, 1996: 6). Before the founding of the priory, Smithfield was notorious as a place of public execution. However, the area was also used for more festive purposes such as tournaments, pageants and plays, and was well known throughout the mediaeval period for horse trading. From 1133 the monastery established the Bartholomew Fair, an annual three-day event on the eve of St. Bartholomew’s Day. The area designated for the Fair was extended over the years, and the event continued annually for over seven hundred years, sometimes lasting two weeks, until it was stopped in 1855. The cloth fair was known throughout Europe and the priory received large profits from the fair, through the centuries. With the ban on slaughtering within the city walls from 1381, there was development of meat and livestock trade at Smithfield (Rees, 1996:8, 7). According to Shepherd & Elmes (1929: 114), on the east side of Smithfield stands the parish church of St. Bartholomew the Great which originally adjoined the priory of St. Bartholomew. When the latter was pulled down to the choir, that part was used by the King’s order for the enlargement of the old Church. Later, when Queen Mary gave the

Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) Management

Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) Management The model applied to the recommendations for GSL is the GSCF framework. The Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) developed a definition of supply chain management (Cooper, M et al 1997). The GSCF defines supply chain management as the integration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders (Lambert, D. et al 1998:1). This model was chosen to be a framework for the recommendations as it encompasses all areas of the organisations, valuing input from the stake holders. It will focus the organisation on key issues, and highlight areas that either not operating to full potential or that are wasting resources. Customer relationship management will provide a structure for maintaining and developing with customers at GSL. The introduction of cross-functional customer teams will tailor product and service agreements to meet the needs of customers This will include free site survey to reduce incorrect data, and therefore save time and money. The take up of the survey when charged is small; this has led to problems in production of the unit. Introducing free surveys will be cost effective (Croxton, K. et al. 2001). GSL will appoint a Customer Service Manager (recruited internally or externally) to provide a single point of contact for the customer throughout the whole process. This manager will be responsible for administering the product service agreements during their term. This is fundamental to the success of the recommendations, a point of contact for the customer whether an initial inquiry or some query further down the process. The role will successfully smooth out any concerns that the customer has (Bolumole,Y et al 2003). Demand management will provide a structure for balancing the customers requirements with the supply chain capabilities. This area will look at the conical tanks and assess whether they are cost effective. Instead of sub contracting an introduction fee could be charged to the manufacturer of them, and allow them full control over the sale of the unit. This will reduce demand variability and increase the supply chain flexibility. Review of all tanks is necessary to concentrate efforts on offering only standardised units, reducing the cost of moulds (Croxton, K. et al. 2003). Order fulfilment will review all the activities that are necessary to define customer requirements. When there is a full order bank the introduction of overtime will speed up delivery and enable the firm to meet customer requirements while reducing the total delivered cost. Although the overtime will increase costs, more units can be produced. It could be more cost effective to review the shifts patterns of the production employees, to cover longer hours of manufacture When the drying out procedure commences this could be when those operators have finished their shift (Croxton, K. et al 2003). Manufacturing flow management will review all activities necessary to obtain, implement and manage manufacturing flexibility and move products through the plants in the supply chain The manual lifting of tanks can be replaced by a fork lift operator, who can also pick the raw products necessary for production. This also will prevent operators being pulled of production to move tanks (Goldsby, T et al 2003). Supplier relationship management will provide the structure for relationships with suppliers, and then allow the developing and maintaining of them. Reviewing all suppliers and identifying weak links, that can be either improved or replaced will ensure the best service from suppliers (Croxton et al. 2001). Reviewing and developing multiple uses for the product has already been demonstrated by GSL. This product development and commercialisation will provide a structure for further developing of the product. This will bring in new markets and products. These products will be designed so they o not interfere with production of the core product. Whilst time is elapse in drying the machinery will be utilised, on either making stock items or a complimentary product (Rogers, D. et al 2004). The most important area is returns management; this includes activities related to returns, reverse logistics, gate keeping, and avoidance. The follow up calls and the level of maintenance with all sold units is vital to increase the company’s reputation. This area can be covered by customer service, just ensuring that the customer is happy with the product (Rogers et al. 2002). The strength of GSL has been its entry into a niche market and the product development. These strengths must be developed and concentrated on for the long term survival of the organisation. The strict limitations on finance will prevent growth, therefore a full review of finances with qualified practitioner will advise the company. This is the only way that any of the recommendations can be implemented. Customer relationship management and supplier relationship management form the critical links in the supply chain, with the other areas coordinated through them. Each of the processes are cross functional and cross firm. Each is broken down into a sequence of strategic sub processes, where the blueprint for managing the process is defined, and a sequence of operational sub-processes, where the process is actualised Every sub-process is described by a set of activities. Cross-functional teams are used to define the structure for managing the process at the strategic level and implementation at the operational level. Bibliography Bolumole, Y. et al (2003), The Customer Service Management Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 15-31. Cooper, M. et al (1997), Supply Chain Management: More than a New Name for Logistics, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-14. Croxton, K.. et al (2001), The Supply Chain Management Processes, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 13-36. Croxton, K. (2003), The Order Fulfilment Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 19-33. Goldsby, T. et al (2003), The Manufacturing Flow Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 33-52. Lambert, D. et al (1998), Supply Chain Management: Implementation Issues and Research Opportunities, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1-19. Rogers, D. et al (2002), The Returns Management Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 1-18. Rogers, D. et al (2004), The Product Development and Commercialisation Process, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 43-56.

Objections Of The Croquette And Hoop Skirt :: essays research papers

While reading selections from The Tatler and The Spectator, two subjects that I found most interesting were that of the coquette and her place in society, and also that of fashion, in particular, the hoop skirt. The Webster’s Dictionary defines a coquette as "a woman who flirts." One of the reasons why ‘she’ appears so frequently in these essays is because these men sense a danger in them. The croquette is a figure of self-sufficiency and 18th century women were not supposed to be self-sufficient. Women of the 18th century were supposed to be ‘sugar and spice and everything nice’ and, above all, dependent on men. When a croquette comes into the picture, however, the men are the ones who can’t handle themselves. The croquette is a flirtatious woman who knows very well the powers of her sex and uses them to her advantage. Just by looking and acting a certain way around men, she learns how to ‘control’ them to a certain degree. Although the men realize what she is doing, they are powerless to stop it. It is also apparent to these men that women are able to be deceitful, and that the coquette may not be the beginning or the end of th is deceitfulness. And they find this to be very dangerous to the ideas of knowing your respective places in their society. Addison and Steele seem to think that the croquette is not only a lady who tends to flirt with every man she comes into contact with, but any young lady who outwardly makes every attempt to find a suitable marriage partner. In No. 110, of The Tatler (478-482), Addison speaks of a certain young woman being accused of catching the lust of several young men and breaking their hearts. He explains how she seems very innocent when proposed with the accusation and that this is how she obtains that she is not in the wrong. The way he words this essay makes me think that he believes that it is criminal for a woman to use the "Motion of her Eyes and Turn of her Countenance"(p 479) to capture the eyes of a possible suitor. Because a woman is able to use her ‘special powers’ in such a way is deceitful and therefore may lead to other wrongful doings which, in turn, disturbs the way Addison believes the opposite sexes serve opposite sides of society.

Atestat Coca Cola

Introduction More than a century after the creation of Coca-Cola,we’re still as much in love with this famous soft drink as our great-grandparents were. Hold up a Coke and you proclaim all that’s best about the American way of life. Coca-Cola is also one of the most successful companies the world has ever known; nothing can be that big and popular, so much a part of everyday life,without having legends spring up around it. The history of Coca-Cola is a story of special moments – times with family and friends and special occasions when Coke was naturally there.Every person who drinks a Coca-Cola enjoys a moment of refreshment-and share in an experience that millions of others have savored. And all of those individual experiences combined have created a worldwide phenomenon – a truly global brand that plays its own small part on the world stage. Coca-Cola touches the lives of millions of people each and every day. The brand has become a special part of peopl e’s lives. Refreshment is a language everyone understands and no one speaks it better than Coca-Cola. This is the reason why I decided to write about â€Å"America’s Real Choiceâ€Å", Coca-Cola. So†¦Have a Coke and a smile ! ( History Birth of Coca Cola It was 1886, and in New York Harbor, workers were constructing the Statue of Liberty. Eight hundred miles away, another great American symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs' Pharmacy. Here, the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed — this new drink was something special.So Jacobs' Pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass. Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the mixture Coca-Cola ®, and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, Coca-Cola is written the same way. In the first year, Pemberton sold just 9 glasses of Coca-Cola a day. A century later, The Coca-Cola Company produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he died in 1888 without realizing the success of the beverage he had created. Over the course of three years, 1888-1891, Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candler secured rights to the business for a total of about $2,300.Candler would become the Company's first president, and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. [pic] New Coke On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the  formula  of the drink with â€Å"New Coke†. Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and  Pepsi. New Coke was the unofficial name of the sweeter formulation introduced in 1985 by The Cola-Cola Company to replace its flagship soft drink,Cola-Cola or Coke.Proper ly speaking,it had no separate name of its own, but simply known as â€Å"the new taste of Coca-Cola â€Å", until 1992 when it was renamed Coca-Cola II. Public reaction to the change was devastating,and the new Cola quickly entered the pantheon of major marketing flops . The subsequent reintroduction of Coke’s original formula led to a significant gain in sales. [pic] [pic] 21st Century On February 7,2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced that in the second quarter of 2005 they planned a launch of a Diet Coke product sweetened with the artificial sweetener sucralose (â€Å"Splenda†), the same sweetener currently used in Pepsi One.On March 21,2005,it announced another diet product, â€Å"Coca-Cola Zero†, sweetened partly with a blend of aspartame and acesulfame potassium. Recently Coca-Cola has begun to sell a new â€Å"healthy soda† Diet Coke with Vitamins B6, B12, Magnesium, Niacin and Zinc, marketed as â€Å"Diet Coke Plus†. In April 2007, in C anada, the name â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† was changed back to â€Å"Coca-Cola†. The word â€Å"Classic† was removed because â€Å"New Coke† as no longer in production, eliminated the need to differentiate between the two. The formula remained unchanged.Production Original formula [pic] The  Coca-Cola formula  is  The Coca-Cola Company's secret recipe for  Coca-Cola. As a  publicity,  marketing and  intellectual property  protection strategy started by  Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as a closely held  trade secret known only to a few employees, mostly  executives. Published versions say it contains  sugar  or  high fructose corn syrup,  caramel color,  caffeine,  phosphoric acid,  coca extract,  kola nut  extract,  lime  extract,  vanilla, and  glycerin.The basic â€Å"cola† taste from Coca-Cola and competing cola drinks comes mainly from  vanilla  and  cinnamon; distinctive tastes among various brands are the result of trace flavorings such as  orange,  lime  and  lemon  and spices such as  nutmeg. Some natural colas also include  cola nut; Coca-Cola does not, and chemical testing reveals none. Coca-Cola was originally one of hundreds of coca-based medicines that claimed benefits to health; in Coca-Cola's case it claimed to alleviate headaches and to be a â€Å"brain and nerve tonic†. Coca leaves were used in its preparation, and the small amounts of cocaine provided a buzz to drinkers.In 1903 Coca-Cola removed cocaine from the formula, started using caffeine as the buzz-giving element,[and started dropping all the medicinal claims. Coca-Cola replaced unprocessed coca leaves with â€Å"spent† coca leaves, which have gone through a cocaine extraction process, and served only to flavor the beverage. These changes were in response to increasing pressure from the  Food and Drug Administration, which was carrying a campaign ag ainst harmful food ingredients and misleading claims, under the direction of  Harvey Washington Wiley.The coca leaves are imported from Peru, and they are treated by US chemical company  Stepan, which then sells the de-cocainized residue to Coca-Cola. Since 1929, the beverage only contains trace amounts of cocaine  alkaloids, not enough to have any effect. The  Coca-Cola Company  currently refuses to confirm whether Coca-Cola still contains spent  coca  leaves, saying that this is part of the secret formula. In 1911 the Food and Drug Administration tried to get caffeine removed from Coca-Cola's formula in  United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, claiming that it was harmful to health.The FDA lost the case, but the decision was partly reversed in 1916 by the Supreme Court. Coca-Cola settled to avoid further litigation, paying all legal costs and reducing the amount of caffeine in its product. The government passed bills forcing caffeine to be list ed in the ingredient list of beverages. Other formulas In the United States, Coca-Cola normally uses  high-fructose corn syrup  instead of  sugar  as its main sweetener, due to the combined effect of corn subsidies and sugar import tariffs making HFCS substantially cheaper.There are two main sources of sugar-based Coca-Cola in the United States: Kosher Coca-Cola – produced for  Passover  is sold in 2-liter bottles with a yellow cap marked with an OU-P, indicating that the  Orthodox Jewish Union  certifies the soda as  Kosher for Passover, or with a white cap with a CRC-P indicating that the certification is provided by the  Chicago Rabbinical Council. While the usual Coca-Cola formula is  kosher  (the original  glycerin  from  beef tallow  having been replaced by vegetable glycerin), during Passover  Ashkenazi Jews  do not consume  Kitniyot, which prevents them from consuming high fructose corn syrup (HFCS).Even sugar-based formulas would still require certification of both the formula and the specific bottling plant, as the strictures of  Kashrut  on Passover are far higher and more complicated than usual kosher observance. Mexican Coca-Cola – In the  United States, there is strong demand from Latin-American immigrant customers for the Coke they drank â€Å"back home†, so Mexican sugar-based Coca-Cola in  traditional contour bottles  is sold in ethnic markets. In recent times, a cult following has emerged amongst younger Coke drinkers who believe this to be the pre-New Coke original formula.The company advises people seeking a sugar-based Coca-Cola to buy â€Å"Mexican Coke†. Coca-Cola commercial : On January 23, 2011, during an NFL commercial, Coca-Cola teased that they would share the secret formula only to flash a comical â€Å"formula† for a few frames. This required the use of DVR to freeze on the formula for any analysis, which ultimately proved to be a marketing ploy wit h no intention of sharing the full official formula. Ingredients listed in the commercial: Nutmeg Oil, Lime Juice, Cocoa, Vanilla, Caffeine, â€Å"flavoring†, and a smile. pic] Bottle design The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the â€Å"contour bottle† within the company, but known to some as the â€Å"hobble skirt† bottle, was created by bottle designer  Earl R. Dean. In 1915, the  Coca-Cola Company  launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles, â€Å"a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was. † Chapman J.Root, president of  the Root Glass Company  of  Terre Haute, Indiana, turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff, including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson, and  Earl R. Dean, bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle's design on one of the soda's two ingredients, the  coca leaf  or the  kola nut, but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to the  Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library  and were unable to find any information about coca or kola.Instead, Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd-shaped  cocoa pod  in theEncyclop? dia Britannica. Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root. He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle. Root gave Dean his approval. Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a  design patent  was issued on the bottle in November, 1915. The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable on  conveyor belts. Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle's middl e diameter.During the 1916 bottler's convention, Dean's contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year. By 1920, the contour bottle became the standard for the  Coca-Cola Company. Today, the contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet†¦ â€Å"even in the dark! â€Å". In 1997, Coca-Cola introduced a â€Å"contour can,† similar in shape to its famous bottle, on a few test markets, including Terre Haute, Indiana. The can has never been widely released. A new slim and tall can began to appear in Australia on December 20, 2006; it cost AU$1. 95.The cans have a resemblance to  energy drink  cans. The cans were commissioned by Domino's Pizza and are available exclusively at their restaurants. In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† labeling, removing the â€Å"Classic† designation, leaving only â€Å"Coca-Cola. † Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name cha nge and the product remains the same. The cans still bear the â€Å"Classic† logo in the United States. In 2007, Coca-Cola introduced an aluminum can designed to look like the original glass Coca-Cola bottles. In 2007, the company's logo on cans and bottles changed.The cans and bottles retained the red color and familiar typeface, but the design was simplified, leaving only the logo and a plain white swirl (the â€Å"dynamic ribbon†). In 2008, in some parts of the world, the plastic bottles for all Coke varieties (including the larger 1. 5- and 2-liter bottles) were changed to include a new plastic  screw cap  and a slightly taller contoured bottle shape, designed to evoke the old glass bottles. [pic] [pic] [pic] Advertising Slogans for Coca-Cola Throughout the years, the slogans used in advertising for Coca-Cola have reflected not only the brand,but the times.Slogans provide a simple, direct way to communicate about Coca-Cola. The 1906 slogan, â€Å"The Great Nat ional Temperance Beverage†, reflects a time when the society in the United States was veering away fron alcoholic beverages, and Coca-Cola provided a nice alternative. Other slogans have concerned our sales figures, such as â€Å"Three Million a Day† from 1927 or â€Å" Six Million a Day† from 1925. In terms of drinks a day, that’s a vast difference from the one billion a day mark The Coca-Cola Company passed in 1997.Some slogans for Coca-Cola have concentrated on the quality of the product, its refreshing taste,or even its role in entertaining,as in 1948’s â€Å"Where There’s Coke There’s Hospitality†. In 1985, the introduction of a new taste of Coca-Cola (commonly called new Coke ®) and the reintroduction of Coca-Cola classic and the original formula led to multiple slogans. 1985 featured â€Å"America’s Real Choice†, while by 1986,two slogans were used to differenciate the brands,with â€Å"Red,White and Youà ¢â‚¬  for Coca-Cola classic and â€Å"Catch the Waveâ€Å" for Coca-Cola.Some advertisments themselves rise to the level of memorable slogans. The 1971 â€Å"Hilltop† ad featured a song with the words â€Å"I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke†. Althought that wasn’t an actual slogan (the ad in fact was part of the â€Å"It’s Real Thing† campaign), the ad and song lyrics are still so well known today that the lyrics are considered a slogan to many. In January 2003, latest slogan for Coca-Cola was introduced – â€Å"Coca-Cola†¦ Real†. The Campaign(and slogan in turn) reflects genuine, authentic moments in life and the natural role Coca-Cola plays in them.Coca-Cola has been notable for its advertising slogan over the years, since its inception in 1886. †¢ 1886 – Drink Coca-Cola †¢ 1904 – Delicious and refreshing. †¢ 1905 – Coca-Cola revives and sustains. †¢ 1906 – The great nati onal temperance beverage. †¢ 1908 – Good til the last drop †¢ 1917 – Three million a day. †¢ 1922 – Thirst knows no season. †¢ 1923 – Enjoy life. †¢ 1924 – Refresh yourself. †¢ 1925 – Six million a day. †¢ 1926 – It had to be good to get where it is. †¢ 1927 – Pure as Sunlight †¢ 1927 – Around the corner from anywhere. †¢ 1928 – Coca-Cola †¦ pure drink of natural flavors. 1929 – The pause that refreshes. †¢ 1932 – Ice-cold sunshine †¢ 1937 – America's favorite moment. †¢ 1938 – The best friend thirst ever had. †¢ 1938 – Thirst asks nothing more. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola goes along. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola has the taste thirst goes for. †¢ 1939 – Whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be, when you think ofrefreshment, think of ice cold Coca-Cola. †¢ 1941 – Coca-Cola is Coke! †¢ 1942 – The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself. †¢ 1944 – How about a Coke? †¢ 1945 – Coke means Coca-Cola. †¢ 1945 – Passport to refreshment. 1947 – Coke knows no season. †¢ 1948 – Where there's Coke there's hospitality. †¢ 1949 – Coca-Cola †¦ along the highway to anywhere. †¢ 1952 – What you want is a Coke. †¢ 1954 – For people on the go. †¢ 1956 – Coca-Cola †¦ makes good things taste better. †¢ 1957 – The sign of good taste. †¢ 1958 – The Cold, Crisp Taste of Coke †¢ 1959 – Be really refreshed. †¢ 1963 – Things go better with Coke. †¢ 1966 – Coke †¦ after Coke †¦ after Coke. †¢ 1969 – It's the real thing. †¢ 1971 – I'd like to buy the world a Coke. †¢ 1974 – Look for the real things. †¢ 1976 – Coke adds life. 1979 –  Have a Coke and a smile †¢ 1982 – Coke is it! †¢ 1985 – America's Real Choice †¢ 1986 – Red White & You (for  Coca-Cola  Classic) †¢ 1986 –  Catch the Wave  (for  New Coke) †¢ 1989 – Can't Beat the Feeling. (also used in the UK) †¢ 1991 – Can't Beat the Real Thing. (for Coca-Cola Classic) †¢ 1993 – Always Coca-Cola. †¢ 2000 – Enjoy. †¢ 2001 – Life tastes good. (also used in the UK) †¢ 2003 – Real. †¢ 2005 – Make It Real. †¢ 2006 – The Coke Side of Life (used also in the UK) †¢ 2007 – Live on the Coke Side of Life (also used in the UK) †¢ 2008 – love it light (also used in the UK) 2009 –  Open Happiness †¢ 2010 – Twist The Cap To Refreshment †¢ 2011 – Life Begins Here Coca-Cola and Santa Claus Though he was not the first artist to create an image of Santa Clau s for Coca-Cola advertising, Haddon Sundblom’s version became the standard for other Santa renditions and is the most-enduring and widespread depiction of the holiday icon to this day. Coca-Cola’s Santa artworks would change the world’s perception of the North Pole’s most-famous resident forever and would be adopted by people around the world as the popular image of Santa.In the 1920s, The Coca-Cola Company began to promote soft drink consumption for the winter holidays in U. S. magazines. The first Santa ads for Coke used a strict-looking Claus. In 1930, a Coca-Cola advertised with a painting by Fred Mizen, showing a department store Santa impersonator drinking a bottle of Coke amid a crowd of shoppers and their children. Not long after, a magical transformation took place. Archie Lee, then the agency advertising executive for The Coca-Cola Company, wanted the next campaign to show a wholesome Santa as both realistic and symbolic.In 1931, the Company com missioned Haddon Sundblom, a Michigan-born illustrator and already a creative giant in the industry, to develop advertising images using Santa Claus. Sundblom envisioned this merry gentleman as an opposite of the meager look of department store Santa imitators from early 20th century America. Sundblom’s Santa was very different from the other Santa artworks: he radiated warmth, reminded people of their favorite grandfather, a friendly man who lived life to the fullest, loved children, enjoyed a little honest mischief, and feasted on snacks left out for him each Christmas Eve.Coca-Cola’s Christmas campaign featuring this captivating Santa ran year after year. As distribution of Coca-Cola and its ads spread farther around the world, Sundblom’s Santa Claus became more memorable each season, in more and more countries. The character became so likable, The Coca-Cola Company and Haddon Sundblom struck a partnership that would last for decades. Over a span of 33 years, Haddon Sundblom painted imaginative versions of the â€Å"Coca-Cola Santa Claus† for for Coke advertising, retail displays and posters.In 1951, Sundblom captured the Coca-Cola Santa â€Å"making his list and checking it twice. † However, the ads did not acknowledge that bad children existed and showed pages of good boys and girls only. Mischievous and magical, the Coca-Cola Santa was not above raiding the refrigerator during his annual rounds, stealing a playful moment with excited children and pets, or pausing to enjoy a Coca-Cola during stops on his one-night, worldwide trek. When air adventures became popular, Santa also could be caught playing with a toy helicopter around the tree.Haddon Sundblom passed away in 1976, but The Coca-Cola Company continues to use a variety of his timeless depictions of Saint Nicholas in holiday advertising, packaging and other promotional activities. The classic Coca-Cola Santa images created by Sundblom are as ubiquitous today as the character they represent and have become universally accepted as the personification of the patron saint of both children and Christmas. [pic] [pic] [pic] Criticism The Coca-Cola Company, its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups and watchdogs, particularly since the early 2000s.Allegations against the company are varied and criticism has been based around; possible health effects of Coca-Cola products, questionable labour practices (including allegations of involvement with paramilitary organisations in suppression of  trade unions), the company's poor  environmental  record, perception of the companies engagement in  monopolistic  business practices, questionable  marketing  strategies and violations of  intellectual property  rights. Perception of the company as behaving unethically has led to the formation of pressure groups such as â€Å"Killer Coke†, boycotts of Coca-Cola and related products and la wsuits.Health effects [pic] [pic] Since studies indicate â€Å"soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in American diet†,most  nutritionists  advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of  calcium,  magnesium,  ascorbic acid,  riboflavin, and  vitamin A. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of  caffeine, which can cause  physical dependence.A link has been shown between long-term regular  cola  intake and  osteoporosis  in older women (but not men). This was thought to be due to the presence of  phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas. Acidity and tooth decay Numerous court cases have been filed ag ainst the Coca-Cola Company since the 1940s alleging that the  acidity  of the drink is dangerous. In some of these cases, evidence has been presented showing  Coca-Cola  is no more harmful than comparable  soft drinks  or  acidic  fruit juices.Frequent exposure of  teeth  to acidic drinks increases the risk of tooth damage throughdental erosion. This form of tooth decay is unrelated to  dental caries. High fructose corn syrup High fructose corn syrup  was rapidly introduced in many processed foods and soda drinks in the US over the period of about 1975–1985. Since 1985 in the U. S. , Coke has been made with  high fructose corn syrup  instead of  sucrose  to reduce costs. One of the reasons this has come under criticism is because the  corn  used to produce corn syrup often comes from genetically altered plants.Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to  obesity  and  d iabetes. High fructose corn syrup has been shown to be metabolized differently than sugar by the human body. This causes problems with Coke's distribution and bottling network, because specific franchise districts are guaranteed an exclusive market area for Coke products. Mexican-made Coca-Cola may often be found for sale in stores catering to the Hispanic immigrant community.Kosher  for  Passover  Coke is also made with cane sugar, rather than corn syrup, due to the special dietary restrictions for observant Jews. Some  Orthodox Jews  do not consume corn during the holiday. Bottled with yellow caps, this variant can be found in some areas of the US around April. [pic] Conclusion The Coca Cola Company is currently one of the biggest and most recognized soft beverage brands in the world. With over 3000 products in more than 200 countries, the Coca-Cola Company has surely become part of people’s lives.The Coca-Cola Company owes its success to the people who do their b est to achieve the task at hand. In conclusion, Coca-Cola is a successful product, not only because it has built a recognizable logo and brand name, but mostly because it has managed to position its brand in a way that takes advantage of all the elements of marketing mix, place price and promotion/distribution. In doing so, it achieves to develop a brand personality and distinguish itself from competition, while offering consumers a clear view of its brand values.This leads to increased brand loyalty and satisfaction. [pic] Dear Coca-Cola, We do not share a physical or emotional relationship,nor are we related in any way because, even though we’ve both been designed using that incredible material called water, I’m vertebrate and you don’t have a spine. Even though you couldn’t talk, you were great company during those hot summer days and also during the freezing moments of winter. When it comes to you, thirst knows no season. It made my blood boil when th ey said you were a menace to ecology and a threat to the human anatomy.

Bridge Collapse and Response

Bridge Collapse and Response Introduction This report is aimed at examining the response to the collapse of 35W Mississippi River Bridge in Minneapolis. In particular, it is necessary to focus on the use of National Incident Management System (NIMS) which is supposed to be the guideline for local, state, and federal agencies. It is one of the main frameworks that enable various agencies to align their efforts during emergency situations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Bridge Collapse and Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, one should evaluate the strengths and weaknesses in the work of various organizations. These are the main questions that should be discussed. Overall, one can argue that this incident can be used to evaluate the ability of governmental organizations to work together on various tasks. The use of the NIMS First, it should be noted that the state government invested into NIMS training, and approximately 2000 employees participated in this program (Stambaugh and Cohen 3). The representatives of various agencies were allowed to work together while responding to hypothetical emergency situations. The collapse of 35W Mississippi River Bridge indicated that the use of NIMS is critical for various organizations. First of all, in the course of the operation, the agencies used mostly the documentation required by the NIMS standards (Stambaugh and Cohen 3). Moreover, one can mention that that the response to this incident included by each of the ten NIMS elements (Stambaugh and Cohen 29). For example, one can mention emergency medical services, hazardous materials service, law enforcement agencies, safety communications, and so forth (Stambaugh and Cohen 29). Additionally, logistics operations were carried out according to the standards of the NIMS. It should be taken into consideration that there was Minnesota variant of the National Incident Management System (Stambaugh and Cohen 5). Neverthel ess, the co-existing of two approaches did not impair the work of the rescues. This is one of the main issues that can be identified. Overall, different elements of the NIMS ensured that different teams could quickly work out the most effective response strategies. The strengths of the response operation It is possible to identify several positive aspects in the work of organizations responsible for the operation. First of all, one can speak about good coordination of different agencies such fire departments and healthcare organizations.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is one of the main requirements that were emphasized during the NIMS training. This coordination enabled emergency personnel to assist the victims as soon as possible. Overall, the ability to align the efforts of various agencies was critical for the progress of the operation. Moreover, one c an argue that the rescuers were able to develop a course of an appropriate action. For instance, they managed address various challenges such as concrete and sharp metal debris, poor visibility, the possibility of additional collapse, and strong current (Stambaugh and Cohen 23). Each of these circumstances could put a threat to the lives of victims as well as rescuers. Apart from that, one should take into account that emergency workers had to operate at two sites and this circumstance made their work more complicated. Nevertheless, public agencies coped with these difficulties. It is possible to say that these challenges might not be addressed properly, if governmental employees had not received NIMS training. This is one of the main points that can be made. Apart from that, it is vital to mention the role of technologies, for example 800 MHz radio system or Geographic Information System. They were important for the coordination of various agencies (Stambaugh and Cohen 45). It shou ld be also noted that the rescuers relied on real-time images to order to identify possible problems that required immediate response. On the whole, the use of technologies is one of the factors that contributed to the effective functioning of various rescue teams. Furthermore, the use of various technologies is a part of the NIMS training. Therefore, one can say that the investment into this program was quite justified. This is one of the main strengths that should be kept in mind. Moreover, it is important to mention that emergency workers were able to assess the stability of the bridge within a relatively short time (Stambaugh and Cohen 45). This is one of the critical tasks because there was a danger of subsequent collapse. This activity required significant expertise from people who were involved in this activity. Furthermore, they had to operate under significant time constraints. The successful completion of this task indicates at the preparedness of various organizations tha t had to respond to this emergency situation. These agencies could function as a single entity.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Bridge Collapse and Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, it is important to speak about excellence performance of local leaders. These people were able to develop the most optimal strategies for assisting the victims of the bridge collapse. It should be borne in mind that the effectiveness of this operation depended on the speed of response. In turn, local representatives of various agencies had to act as the main decision-makers, and they fulfilled their duties properly. These are the main aspects that can be identified. Judging from these examples, one can say that the different agencies were prepared for this emergency situation. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. The areas that need improvements In turn, there are several problems that can be ident ified. First of all, it is important to mention overcrowding at Emergency Operations Center (Stambaugh and Cohen 45). Certainly, this issue did not result in significant delays, but it did slow down the work of rescuers. Thus, one can say that more attention should have been paid to the development of Emergency Operations Center. Additionally, rescuers did not consistently use tags and triage ribbons, and it was difficult to identify hospital destinations and patients (Stambaugh and Cohen 44). Surely, every victim received appropriate medical treatment, but the failure to use tags complicated record keeping and it was sometimes difficult to provide accurate information to the relatives of the victims. This is one of the issues that should be identified. So, the ability to record and store information is one of the concerns that should be addressed. Apart from that, some of the rescuers disregarded their own safety, especially when they had to work with debris. Admittedly, none of th em sustained injuries, but this behavior could give rise to serious problems (Stambaugh and Cohen 44). For example, some of them did not wear personal floatation devices while working near the water, and in this way, they significantly imperiled their lives (Stambaugh and Cohen 44). Therefore, the incident has highlighted the importance of safety instruction for governmental employees who need to avoid the risks to their lives or health. This issue should also be considered by policy-makers and administrators who should ensure proper response to various emergences.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, it is important to mention that at the beginning of the operation, the representatives of different agencies could not decide which organization should play the leading role (Stambaugh and Cohen 45). This confusion was resolved within a relatively short time, but it could impair the progress of the rescue operation. These are some of the main problems that can be identified. The analysis of this case can throw light on the deficiencies that have to be addressed. In particular, one can determine what kind of changes should be made in the training programs. This is why these problems should not be disregarded. This case is important because it enables people to look at the functioning of rescue teams from different perspectives. Conclusion On the whole, this report indicates that the collapse of 35W Mississippi River tested the ability of local and federal authorities to act in an effective and timely manner. It is possible to argue that the major agencies involved in this t ask were prepared for this incident. In particular, they were able to coordinate their efforts and minimize threats to the lives of the victims. Moreover, these professional made an efficient use of different technologies that enabled them to save both time and effort. Nevertheless, some problems can also be detected. Much attention should be paid to poor compliance with safety rules and inaccurate documentation. Despite these limitations, one can say that that this operation was carried out effectively. Moreover, the compliance with the NIMS standards was vital for the effective performance of rescue teams. Stambaugh, Hollis, and Cohen, Harold. I-35W Bridge Collapse and Response, Minneapolis: Department of Homeland Security, 2007.Print.

Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries Research Paper Example

Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries Research Paper Example Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries Paper Human Resource Management, Wages and Salaries Paper Introduction Human Resource Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Extensive training and culture management programs, individualized reward management systems, as well as a range of employee involvement mechanisms, all operate towards achieving enhanced employee contribution. It is a whole range of notions on management theory, style and practice. Perhaps most usefully considered as a generic term that covers the entirety of work organization, working terms and conditions and representational systems, HRM can be depicted as being concerned with all those activities associated with the management of people in organizations (Boyd 2003). Businesses rely on effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. HRM specialists initially determine the number and type of employees that a business will need over its first few years of operation. They are then responsible for recruiting new employees to replace those who leave and for filling newly created positions. A business’s HRM division also trains or arranges for the training of its staff to encourage worker productivity, efficiency, and satisfaction, and to promote the overall success of the business. Finally, human resource managers create workers’ compensation plans and benefit packages for employees. Personnel Management is the development of a set of values that regards individual employees as important productive entities; the conscious utilization of these value judgments in making decisions affecting those individuals; and the acquisition of a pattern of thinking, or rational analysis, which attempts to achieve the most effective and satisfactory utilization of human talents (Megginson 1972). Personnel Management unlike Human Resource Management is not limited to the techniques and paper work associated with routine activities of selecting, training, and compensating employees; nor does the term refer exclusively to the methods, procedures, techniques, and tools of personnel selection, training and development, direction, and other related activities. Businesses rely on effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. HRM specialists initially determine the number and type of employees that a business will need over its first few years of operation. They are then responsible for recruiting new employees to replace those who leave and for filling newly created positions. A business’s HRM division also trains or arranges for the training of its staff to encourage worker productivity, efficiency, and satisfaction, and to promote the overall success of the business. Finally, human resource managers create workers’ compensation plans and benefit packages for employees (Gratton et al. 1999). The essay intends to consider how wages and salaries are set in organizations. If compensation is not tied directly to performance, what can and should it be tired to. The essay intends to discuss about psychological contract; turnover and the forms of turnover; training and some of its concepts; and remuneration system. Through the information that will be gathered every thought that is necessary will be put together so that a proper conclusion will be formulated. Psychological Contract The psychological contract refers to employees beliefs about the mutual obligations between the employee and his or her organization. These beliefs are based on the perception that employer promises have been made about such matters as competitive wages, promotional opportunities, and job training in exchange for certain employee obligations, such as the giving of their energy, time, and skills (De Meuse Marks 2003). Earlier reviews argue that the psychological contract is conceptually different from a formal contract in that it considers an individuals beliefs of the terms and conditions of an agreement between the individual and the employer. This concept of the relationship between an employee and the organization has been accepted and noted in many different forums, including academic journals; practitioner journals; and management textbooks (De Meuse Marks 2003). While an employees formal employment contract always is based on a written document, the types of promises contained in an employees psychological contract typically are communicated in ways that do not involve written documentation. For example, an employees understanding of the psychological contract may be influenced by oral discussions with managers, recruiters, or other organizational representatives and construed from specific organizational practices and procedures. Because of the pervasive norms of reciprocity that are part of any exchange agreement between an individual and his or her organization, an individual often expects, seeks out, and creates a psychological contract as a means for understanding and representing the employment relationship with the employer (De Meuse Marks 2003). Organizations can respond to an employees psychological contract to varying degrees, including going beyond the conditions of the contract, thereby honoring the intent rather than the letter of the contract; complying with the contract and fulfilling all of the conditions and terms; and breaching or violating the agreement between the employee and the organization. When organizations uphold their side of the psychological contract with their employees, it is more likely that employees will attempt to fulfill their own contractual obligations to the organization (De Meuse Marks 2003) Two sorts of contract can be distinguished namely transactional contracts and relational contract. Transactional contracts are fairly specific and economic in nature, and basically to do with rewards for hard work. Relational contracts are both economic and social/emotional in nature. (Herriot 2001). These are less clearly specified and to a degree open-ended. In a successful contractual relationship, it is possible that people come to trust the other party’s reliability because they regularly fulfill a transactional contract. As a result, a more relational contract develops, whereby parties are willing to go beyond the contract trusting that the other will do the same for them when the need arise (Herriot 2001). Relatively short-term and specific transactional contracts can meet the need for flexibility and reliable performance. Longer-term and open-ended relational contracts may help organizations which need loyalty and good citizenship from their employees. Specific but longer and potentially renegotiable contracts combine some of the advantages of the previous two. As organizations diversify the range of contracts which they offer, the existence and use of these alternatives becomes increasingly attractive (Herriot 2001). Relational contracts usually have a legal heart, but they also are used when the commercial reality is different. In a relational contract, the parties have expectations of each other that go beyond or perhaps far beyond the terms of the contract (Kay 1995). Employment contracts are best made as relational contracts because they suffer rather than benefit from too precise a specification of their obligations. Each party must be encouraged to respond to events. Both parties must invest in teaching and learning that is specific to the particular business environment. Actions may often have consequences that emerge only much later. Each of these factors that includes response, information, and learning tends to become more important at higher levels of seniority in the organization. A firm may hire a cleaner through a spot contract wherein the job is well defined, the performance is easily monitored but it needs a relational contract with its management. The range of jobs for which spot contracting is suitable is steadily diminishing (Kay 1995). Forms of turnover Labor turnover, like absence, is an important element of labor costs. The turnover of employees leads to direct costs for recruitment and for training new employees. It also leads to indirect costs which may be substantial, for example through disruption of work while new people are being recruited. Organizations with high levels of labor turnover may need to carry surplus labor, or hire temporary workers, in order to maintain production or levels of service. It has been suggested by industrial sociologists that greater organizational commitment contributes to greater employee identification with the goals and values of the organization and that this reduces the likelihood of voluntary job turnover . A main argument for adopting a commitment-oriented management approach has been to reduce the costs of turnover by eliciting employee commitment. (Cheng et al. 1998) A model to explain individual job turnover naturally has many similarities to the preceding models of absence and job performance. Motivation to stay, in the form of commitment to the organization, is again likely to be of interest, as are the various task and organizational characteristics which make an organization relatively attractive or unattractive. However, one might expect that economic factors loom larger in the decision to stay or leave. These would include satisfaction with present remuneration, and perceptions of how easy or difficult it will be to find an equally good job. Family and life-cycle characteristics have also often been assumed important in relation to job turnover, as in the case of young workers (Cheng et al. 998). Turnover can be done in two ways. Turnover can be voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary turnover can be caused by many things that include personal problems, better opportunities in other companies, discontentment, and migration to other countries. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to the personal problems they have. These employees believe that such problems can affect their work performance and they should first find solutions to their problem before being in any company. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to the discontentment in the company. These employees believe that their stay in the company has not given them any benefits and the wages and compensation they receive from the company is not enough. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to better opportunities in other companies. These employees think that other companies might offer them better treatment, better salaries, and lesser problems. Employees undergo voluntary turnover due to migration to other countries. Employees leave the company due to instances wherein they wish to leave the country and try their luck in other countries. On the other hand involuntary turnover can be caused by many things that include poor work performance, insubordination, and negative relationship with co workers. Employees undergo involuntary turnover due to poor work performance. When employees do their job poorly the tendency is for the company to give them warnings and reminders, if nothing happens the company has no choice but to break its relationship with these workers. Employees undergo involuntary turnover due to insubordination or engaging in scuffles and disobeying high ranking officials in the company Employees undergo involuntary turnover due to negative relationship with co employees. Some employees can be always in contrast with other employees and this leads to problems between the employees thus to prevent things to grow worse the company has to remove these uncooperative employees. Training Organizations are still focusing on reinvention and reengineering as they continue to place greater emphasis upon improving customer service. This increased attention to customer service is expected despite downsizing and delaying efforts in the organization. The strength of these trends is likely to continue even if the names change from time to time, for the changes emerge from a growing realization that traditional ways of doing business and being organized prevents an organization from moving fast enough, with high enough quality, or at low enough cost to meet the growing demands and competitive pressures placed on it. The next decade will continue to witness major changes in organizations (Sims 1998). Organizations will continue to get flatter, and power will be more dispersed among employees who are knowledge workers and have the technology to make decisions previously reserved for management. If information is power, then dispersed information is dispersed power, and that dispersement is what knowledge and technology does. There will also continue to be an increased emphasis upon the use of cross-functional and multi-skilled teams, which are essential in taking advantage of advanced technologies, and these developments should free the smaller number of managers to focus on higher level strategic issues (Sims 1998). The boundaries that have traditionally defined organizations will continue to blur as a result of new organizational forms and leadership methods and demands. The lines between functions and even between organizations will continue to become less rigid in the drive to be more customer focused, to decrease response and work process cycle times, and improve competitive advantage. The distinction between types of organizations particularly large ersus small, regional versus national versus global will also begin to blur more as customers show less interest in where their products and services come from as long as they receive them when and at the standards of quality they deem acceptable (Sims 1998). People can best anticipate and respond to the need for further change in training by remembering that training historically has been looked at as a case-by-case, individual perspective, much like the way a doctor looks at a patient. You do a diagnosis of an individual, find a weakness, and then apply the training solution so that individual is stronger or better than he or she was before. What training must be in todays and tomorrows organizations is a process that is more holistic, and consistent with an organizations strategy, so that the strategy is executed better than it would be without the training. One strategy is individual, which will have no impact on an organization, and the other is corporate, which will have a mammoth impact. The important thing for training personnel to conceptually understand is that training must have an impact on the organization rather than on the individual. The point is to make the organization more whole than it was before, and training should be a major part of what causes that to happen. However, that will never happen if training personnel are doing training by picking up people and putting band-aids on cuts. It will only do it if there is a vision and a strategy, and training is part of a process of executing that vision and strategy for everyone (Sims 1998). Remuneration system Remuneration system or salary is often expressed in annual terms, usually of non-manual workers. For example, a teachers salary might be $15,000 per year. Salaried workers are most unlikely to receive overtime payments, though they may receive bonuses. Although they are contracted to work for a specific number of hours per week, they are usually expected to work the number of hours sufficient to do the job to a satisfactory standard (Skoldberg 2002). Salaries are set in organizations according to the tenure of the employee in the organization, the performance rating of the employee, the status of the company and the external problems the company has. Salaries are based on how long the employee had served the company. The longer an employee served the company the higher salary that employee gets. In relation to that an employee’s salary can be based on succession planning or the ranking of employees. In succession planning the position of an employee is being given more focus. Employees who have higher position are first given salary increases. Salaries are also based on how well or how bad the employee does his/her job. Those who perform well and bring benefits to the company are given higher salaries and additional incentives. Moreover the status of the company is used as a basis for the salaries of employees. To know the status of the company different things are put into consideration like its profitability, its expenses, market conditions and others. Once the company is not selling well and has oversupply market condition it means no increase in the salaries should be made. When a company is experiencing oversupply market condition it is not selling well and its marketing strategies are not that effective thus the company has reason not to increate the salaries. Lastly the external problem the company has is used as a basis for salaries. If the economy is having difficulty, there is unrest in the country, and the competitor has gained advantage over the company the tendency is for the company not to create increase in wages. Conclusion Businesses rely on effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. Human Resource Management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. In HRM many things are put into consideration. This includes the hiring and training of employees, performance of the employees, how the employees are remunerated, and what instances may lead an employee to be removed from the company. Aside from the company’s strategy regarding marketing, management, and competitors, organizations’ are wary of the strategy they use in terms of giving salary to their employees. Companies have to make sure that the right person receives the right wage and that the salary they give will not cause financial problems to the company. Through the different basis of salary discussed companies make sure that salaries are distributed accordingly to rightful persons and as demanded by the situation. Through proper distribution of salary companies will not encounter financial problems like high expenditures, bankruptcy by the company, tight spending and others. Through proper distribution of salary companies will not have to face arguments and disagreements with the employees. References Boyd, C 2003, Human resource management and occupational ealth and safety, Routledge, New York. Cheng, Y, Gallie, D, Tomlinson, M White, M 1998, Restructuring the employment relationship, Clarendon Press, Oxford. De Meuse, KP Marks, ML (eds. ) 2003, Resizing the organization: managing layoffs, divestitures, and closings maximizing gain while minimizing pain, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. 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