Blank Paper Assignment In World History - Free Essay Example

Applying A Definition For Science - 963 Words

Applying a definition for science is a difficult thing to do considering there are various perspectives on the matter. People ranging from novelists to ecologists to journalists to environmentalists have their definitions which each contribute its own part to the meaning. Different parts of the definition include ecosystems, the environment, the hard sciences as well as the scientific method. Paul Keddy is an ecologist whose primary concern is wetlands. His approach focused on the state of these wetlands and how they are important to the Earth as well as to the people. By incorporating facts about this specific ecosystem, he emphasizes its preservation and the significance it holds. Wetlands offer carbon storage, flood control, maintenance of biodiversity, fish production, and aquifer recharge as well as other services (Keddy 141). Keddy explains that by decreasing its size, limits and restrictions are placed on these valuable services. Despite the many amenities wetlands provide, there are still many unknown which leaves a huge dilemma because if people aren’t aware of the significance of this particular ecosystem, they won’t care much to try and fight for its conservation. Even the ones that are well known, such as the Mississippi River Basin, which is intensively studied, is â€Å"†¦often treated in isolation, which misses two important scientific o pportunities: that of learning from work carried out elsewhere, and that of sharing knowledge† (Keddy 163). His science is one thatShow MoreRelatedIs Science Rational? Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagestopics of study, â€Å"Science† being one of them. We make presumptions, based on either reasonable evidence or that our thoughts and ideas are known as true by others. Through this we have come to understand and define science as its aims, leaving its definition, whether consciously or unconsciously, unchallenged. We have taken advantage of the label that we have set for science, as well as its goals, and failed to look at them further. So what do we consider Science? Pure? ObjectiveRead MoreOn The Sacred Disease, By Bronislaw Malinowski And Hippocrates1549 Words   |  7 PagesSacred Disease,† would act as support to Malinowski’s anthropological study of magic amongst primitive peoples in the twentieth century entitled â€Å"Magic, Science and Religion.† Malinowski’s essay analyzes the origin of magic, the definition of science, and deciphers whether or not antediluvian societies acknowledge a distinction between magic and science. Alternatively, Hippocrates muses on the subject of epilepsy, the disease’s genesis, and why â€Å"witch-doctors† resort to supernal cures opposed to systematicRead MoreThe Impact Of Political Media On The Political Process Of The United States Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages1 Political marketing: Definition, History and Scholarship. Political marketing has established itself as a substantial segment of the political process and as a field of academia. Marketing theory has been influenced by different disciplines it has also contributed, to the development of other academic areas within management studies (Day, 1992 ; Hunt and Lambe, 2000 ).Political marketing has been conceived as a sub-discipline of mainstream marketing, thus its definitions have echoed evolutionsRead MoreBiography Of Isaac Newton s Life1274 Words   |  6 PagesIsaac Newton It was the 4th of January 1643, Christmas Day according to the Julian Calendar, when one of the greatest minds of science was born, Isaac Newton. He was born and raised in the town of Woolsthorpe, United Kingdom. Born without a father and raised by his maternal grandmother after his mother left to remarry a wealthier man, since three years old, Newton lead an unforgettable childhood. Newton’s mother came back when her second husband died. His mother’s return in 1653 forced Newton toRead MoreEssay on Defining Public Relations983 Words   |  4 Pagesattempt to define Public Relations based on my own interpretation of the assigned reading, as well as other outside sources. I will compare and contrast three published definitions of public relations in an attempt to explain why the field of Public Relations is so difficult to define. Defining Public Relations Personal Definition of Public Relations nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Public Relations is a general term used to encompass the strategies involved in positively impacting an organization’sRead MorePolitical Trust : An Empirical Perspective958 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical trust in an empirical perspective Political trust as a concept is widely used and analysed in political sciences. However, there seems to be no clear consensus regarding the definition of political trust and its application in current empirical studies. 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Coad is involved in the Centre of Children and Families Applied Research, and the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences at Coventry University. P. Hicks is a part of the Centre for Health Informatics, and the School of Computer Science and Statistics at Trinity College in Dublin. Lastly, M. Glacken is a part of the Department of Nursing and Health Sciences at St. Angela’s College. This articleRead MoreNursing Informatics784 Words   |  4 PagesInformatics? Nursing informatics (NI) has been evolving for many years and essentially has a variety of definitions. According to Toni Hebda and Patricia Czar (2005), â€Å"nursing informatics may be broadly defined as the use of information and computer technology to support all aspects of nursing practice, including direct delivery of care, administration, education, and research† (p. 9). This definition which has been modified several times is the current edition of the NI Scope and Standards of PracticeRead MoreManagement and People1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe full scope of management Management has different definitions, from different theorists. There are various ways of describing management, so in this assignment the different definitions of management would be discussed and we would also see how most of the definitions are similar, along with their functions. We should consider management look at why management is very relevant. We should see how the various views of these management theorists are similar and also if they contrast. Management

Incident free essay sample

In the Disaster in Franklin County simulation (Regents of the University of Minnesota [UMN], 2006), there were several key personnel in the incident command team. This concept is utilized in real disasters when the Public Health Director is responsible for collaborating with the other key personnel from the community. Some of these people are the Fire Chief, Police Chief and EMS Director who collectively provide a summary of potential public health concerns resulting from the disaster. Often the issues that need to be addressed are obtainment of necessary supplies, potential evacuation plans, management of power outages and hazardous spills, activation of emergency personnel and communication to the public. The Public Health Director will establish the Incident Command Center and assign responsibilities to the various sections. The Public Health Nurse is usually part of a multi-disciplinary team that is deployed to check on residents after a disaster and/or staff the temporary shelters. In the Disaster in Franklin County simulation, the nurse is deployed to go door to door to assess the needs of the residents. The primary function at this time is to triage the victims and evacuate or obtain additional resources based on the specific needs. The nurse also is heavily involved in communication and education about the state of recovery and safety protocols that should be initiated. Chain of Command Chain of Command, as defined by The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), is â€Å"an orderly line of authority within the ranks of the incident management organization† (ICS Intro, n. . , Lesson 2). The Incident Commander defines the incident action plan and assigns the roles of the incident response team (ICS, 2010). The Public Information Officer makes sure that accurate information is communicated to the public and involved agencies. The Planning Chief gathers, analyzes and disseminates information to everyone. He or she is preparing for what else can occur. The Logistics Section Chief is responsible for obtaining equipment, supplies and space needed to carry out the actions of the team. The Liaison Officer is the contact person for supporting agencies and relays information and provides briefings when indicated. The Operations Section Chief organizes, assigns and oversees the team members. The Finance / Administration Chief ensures that all financial processes are correct and monitors resources that have been used (Regents of the University of Minnesota [UMN], 2006). Resources The community health nurse often covers large areas in a disaster and will need to be able to direct citizens to various areas based on their needs. The ability to identify available resources will be invaluable to these nurses as well as the victims. Safety and shelter are some of the most important issues that these nurses will need to address. The strength of a qualified community health nurse comes from knowing the resources available to them to address situations that are out of their scope of practice. Environmental Health Specialists, Social Services, Public Health Director, and Center for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) are agencies that are often consulted. One example of this utilization is a pre-printed informational pamphlet on various topics in several languages that nurses can distribute. During times of stress, victims have so many problems which they are dealing with that it is often hard to concentrate and process all information that they hear. Having this information in written format gives them something to refer back to after the nurse is gone. Other resources are key people in the Public Health Departments to assist with problems such as hazardous pills, grief counseling, evacuation to relief shelters and higher level medical treatment. Actions of Community Health Nurse One of the most critical roles of a Community Health Nurse is to assess the urgent health issues and availability of food, water and necessary medical supplies. Once these immediate health concerns are assessed, the nurse will evaluate the entire situation and their expanded needs. Assistance with this will require the nurse to know the various resources ava ilable in the area and how best to utilize them. In one scenario in the Disaster in Franklin County, a resident inquires about a hazardous spill in their shed. The nurse has pamphlets from organizations like the CDC in several languages that can be distributed for guidance until an Environment Health Specialist can be deployed. The nurse leaves this written information with the victim and makes contact with the appropriate department for further evaluation. The female in the second household appears to be under a great deal of stress because of the additional challenges taking care of a baby and mother in law in this situation. The nurse listens compassionately and then educates the resident on the possibility of relocating to a shelter which can offer supplies and additional support. The nurse also contacts social services to assist the family and arranges for someone to visit the household. The third household had residents that were non-English speaking and the nurse had difficulty communicating with them in their native language. The ability to furnish the resident with pamphlets in their native language allowed the nurse to deliver the basic safety instructions and then arrange to have someone follow up with them that was fluent in their native language. The fourth household that was discussed in the simulation had the potential for a medical emergency because of the inability for the resident to obtain medication for hypertension. The nurse realized that this must be addressed and arranged relocation to a shelter. This shelter supplied the necessary medication as well as medical supervision as needed. Coping With Aftermath Problems resulting from disasters linger for quite some time after the acute phase in a disaster and victims may have issues arise that they were not aware of initially. Community health nurses are often a primary point of contact for many of these situations and must be prepared for various problems. Sometimes, they are called on to simply reassure the victim that they are not alone in the situation and that help will continue to come. When a nurse allows a victim to discuss their concerns, the nurse can quickly expedite referrals to the appropriate area if it is out of their scope of practice. Occasionally, just having the validation and reassurance from a professional instills hope that things will get better soon. In the situation where the caller stated that her husband was angry and her child was drawing disturbing pictures of the storm, the nurse first made sure that the caller was not in any danger. After that, reassurance was given and a referral was made to a more qualified provider for counseling. When another caller identified the problems with mold in the basement, the nurse validated that this sounded serious and informed the victim that appropriate environmental specialist would be contacted immediately to come and evaluate the problem. In addition to validating the potential seriousness of the problem, the nurse knew the area to contact for assistance and handled this for the victim. The nurse quickly identified the importance of the call from the father of the child with the burns on her hands from picking up a ball from a ditch and called 911 immediately. The nurse’s medical training and critical thinking skills guided this decision to prevent potential harm from occurring to others in the area. By notifying 911, the area would be secured quickly and the other departments would be called in as indicated. Throughout all of this, the community nurse functions as the center of a wheel to receive and distribute key information. Techniques In stressful situations people in authority or key positions have the ability to agitate or soothe those that have been affected. The most important thing that the nurse must do is listen intently to what the victim is saying. This is the only way that they can assess the safety of the victim and understand the entire situation. If the nurse feels that safety is an issue, he or she must immediately contact the appropriate department while remaining calm and supportive. The nurse must be able to empathize with what the victim is going through and reassure them that they are not alone. The nurse involved each of the residents in the decision making related to their situation. By clearly stating the various options and discussing the benefits of each, the nurse assisted in giving them some sense of control back into their life. Professionalism is another trait that the nurse must portray, especially as it relates to various departments or agencies. Disasters cause an enormous amount of additional work and stress to systems and consequently may result in slower process times. Instead of criticizing these departments for the timeliness of resolutions, the nurse should maintain accurate updates and communicate this to the victims while reassuring them. If the nurse does not have information that is requested, he or she should either facilitate the victim getting to the appropriate area or research it and follow up with the victim. Preparation of Nurses Reports from ineffective emergency responses indicate that poor responses primarily result from inadequate management (ICS Intro, n. d. ). Effective emergency response and management begins with extensive planning and training involving multiple agencies in a community. This planning and training is ongoing and is updated based on the size of the community, resources available and potential threats to the area. Community nurses will be responsible for treating victims in a holistic manner. In the position paper â€Å"The Role of Public Health Nurses in Emergency Preparedness and Response† (The Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing [ASTDN], 2007, p. 5-8), several competencies related to emergency preparedness are discussed. Community health nurses must be well informed of their agency’s role and expectation, be able to describe the chain of command and supervision during an emergency response situation, be knowledgeable of the emergency response plan, know their functional roles and how to execute them, correctly demonstrate required skills and use of required equipment, understand their communication role, identify key resources for situations outside their expertise, recognize and triage deviations that may indicate potential problems and participate in continuing education and evaluating drills. Preventing, preparing, responding and recovering from any type of disaster is more important now, than ever before, for anyone in the healthcare profession. Because of this, nurses may serve as first responders and function in various roles collaborating with other emergency workers to protect the safety and health of communities. References Intro to Incident Command Sysstem. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://emilms. fema. gov/IS100b/ICS01summary. tm Introduction to the Incident Command System (ICS 100) for healthcare/hospitals. (2010). Retrieved May 5, 2013, from http://www. training. fema. gov Regents of the University of Minnesota (Producer). (2006). Disaster in Franklin County. Retrieved from http://www. sph. umn. edu/details/course/7594/ The Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing. (2007). The role of public health nurses in emergency preparedness and response. Retrieved from http://www. phnurse. org

Management strategies Of Intrepid Travel Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management strategies Of Intrepid Travel Company. Answer: Analysis of Management strategies Planning and strategy Intrepid Travel Company offers many benefits to its employees so that the operations of the company can be smoothly conducted. The emphasis is to provide good services to the customers so that satisfaction level of the customers can be increased. The values of the company are taken into consideration at the time of conducting the activities of the organization. The values of the company are innovation, leadership, and teamwork. Strategic goals of the company are revised for setting benchmarks which need to be attained from the execution of the operations. Innovation is used as a strategy for enhancing the quality of the services offered (Intrepid Travel, 2018). Goals and planning strategy The Company analyzes the market condition so that the activities can be conducted accordingly. The main motive of the company is to provide quality services to the customers for satisfying their needs. Intrepid Travel Company is operating as a not-for-profit organization with a motive to satisfy the customers (Intrepid Travel, 2018). Approaches to planning and sustainability To operate the activities of the company in a proper manner it is essential to consider proper planning so that goals can be accomplished effectively. Sustainability also has an essential role in Intrepid Travel Company. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on modern and innovative approach. Intrepid Travel Company is focusing on using innovative services so as to enhance the satisfaction level of the customers. Sustainable designs are being integrated in the products or services offered by Intrepid Travel Company. Different factors have been taken into consideration for incorporating sustainability in the business practices. These factors include leadership, governance, communication and training, reporting, pressure from stakeholders and commitment from top level and lower level (Caliyurt and Yuksel, 2017). Human resource management The Company recruits those candidates who have proper idea of the working pattern of the company. The emphasis of the company is to maintain proper human resource in the organization so that the satisfaction level of the customers can be enhanced. It is also essential to retain employees so that the activities can be conducted smoothly. Professors of the company offer cross culture training and development so that candidates can easily evaluate the working pattern of the employees (Sparrow, et. al., 2016). Competitive strategies Intrepid Travel Company considers porter generic strategies so that the overall objectives of the company can be achieved. Intrepid Travel Company is focusing on Human resource for gaining competitive advantage over the others in the market. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on employment security, incentive pay, employee ownership, symbolic egalitarianism, participation and empowerment, incentive pay, long-term perspective and selectivity in recruiting. Another approach adopted by Intrepid Travel Company through which it has gained competitive advantage is job analysis, job description and job evaluation (Savitz, 2013). To find right candidates and proper employees Intrepid Travel Company has adopted effective strategies for the purpose of selection of the right candidates for performing the operations of the organization. Digital media has been selected for reaching the candidates and attracting them towards the organization. Another strategy adopted by Intrepid Travel Company include different steps. First step is to analyze the culture of the company so as to identify the requirement of the individuals for performing a particular job. Detailed job descriptions are developed in the second step of the strategy. Well-structured interviews are prepared by Intrepid in the third step. Tests are conducted in the next step for the analysis of the skills and knowledge of the candidates. Personal interviews are conducted in the next step and selection is made on the basis of the qualifications of the candidate (Schuckert, et. al., 2015). Strategies adopted by Intrepid Travel Company for developing and maintaining effective workforce An effective strategy has been formulated on the basis of which employees are hired in Intrepid Travel Company. Company has adopted an effective recruitment strategy for hiring the capable and skilled candidates which suits to the requirement of the company. Effective communication channel is developed by the top level management for ensuring the flow of information among the employees. Incentives are being offered by the company to the employees so as to maintain an effective workforce. Performance of the employees is measured and incentives are offered to the workforce. Motivational approaches are being used for enhancing the satisfaction level of the employees and resolving the issues faced by them. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on identifying the issues faced by the workforce and solving these issues (Ehnert, et. al., 2014). Sustainable practices in Intrepid Travel Company Sustainability is concerned to create a proper ecological balance of the environment. It has played an important role in Intrepid Travel Company. Intrepid has adopted a sustainable practice in which focus is on reproducing the capabilities of the workforce which helps the employees to secure the jobs and also enhances the satisfaction level. The organization is able to survive for the long term if there is proper management of human resources in the organization. This practice has helped in enhancing the productivity of the employees which contributed towards the vision of Intrepid. The activities can be conducted smoothly by having proper focus and good communication system with the employees (Ehnert, et. al., 2014). Leadership Leadership in the organization helps the employees to give direction in a correct manner. If proper leadership is there in the organization than proper direction is given to the employees. Positive results can also be achieved if there are proper leadership styles considered by the company (Stead Stead, 2013). Styles of leadership There are many styles of leadership that is evaluated by Intrepid Travel Company so that the travelers feel happy and satisfied with the services offered to them. The company uses original leadership styles so that the employees can conduct the activities with efficiency and dedication. To achieve competitive environment it is seen that cross-cultural leadership also helps the company to evaluate the activities in an effective manner. The Company helps to motivate the workers so that the activities can be conducted according to the rules of the company (Mittal, 2015). Features of leadership Leadership has helped Intrepid Travel Company in increasing the factor of motivation and helps to achieve positive results. The leader of the company also tries to maintain a good relationship between the employees of the organization so that the work can be conducted smoothly. Qualities of leaders are the dedication and good attitude that help to solve every problem of the company. Focus of Intrepid Travel Company is on developing an effective communication channel for handling the issues faced by the employees in a better way (Porter and Kramer, 2011). Role of Leadership in inspiring and motivating employees Transformational leadership has been adopted by Intrepid Travel Company which has helped in identification of the changes required, developing a vision for guiding the efforts and execution of the change. Leaders of Intrepid are working with the subordinates for motivating and inspiring others in the organization. Four elements of Transformational leadership have been considered by Intrepid Travel Company. These elements are idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and inspirational motivation (Schuckert, et. al., 2015). Sustainability in leadership Sustainability is an important part of leadership as it assists the company to compete in the competitive environment. It also analyzes the wants and requirement of the employees. Leaders of the company should consider the practices of sustainability so that the proper leadership can be given to the employees. Sustainability in Leadership has helped in focusing on the enhancement of the employment process of Intrepid and retention of the employees (Porter and Kramer, 2011). Controlling the value chain and technology Intrepid Travel Company value chain is to give proper services to the customers. In the value chain, there are many innovative techniques that are considered by the company so that the negative impact can be reduced (Caliyurt and yuksel, 2017). The company also invests in various projects so that the carbon emission can be reduced. The Company is concerned with the proper travel process that helps the employees to enhance the supply chain of the company. For example: convenience is given to the customers so that demand can be enhanced. Sustainability also has the major part in the value chain and technology so that the resources can be managed in a proper manner (Stead Stead, 2017). References Caliyurt, K. Yuksel, U., 2017, Sustainable supply chain management: the good, the bad and the ugly,Sustainability and management: an international perspective,pp. 277-287. Caliyurt, K. Yuksel, U., 2017, Sustainability in airlines,Sustainability and management: an international perspective,pp. 174-187. Ehnert, I.,Zink, W. Harry, K., 2014,Sustainability and hrm,Sustainability and human resource management,pp. 3 -33. Intrepid Travel, 2018, [Online] About Us. Accessed on: 04 February 2018. Available at: https://www.intrepidtravel.com/us/about Mittal, R., 2015, Charismatic and transformational leadership styles: A cross-cultural perspective,International Journal of Business and Management,10(3), p.26. Porter, M. E. Kramer, M. R., 2011, Creating shared value: Redefining capitalism and the role of the corporation in society,Harvard Business Review,89(1/2), pp.62-77. Savitz, A., 2013,The triple bottom line: how today's best-run companies are achieving economic, social and environmental success-and how you can too, John Wiley Sons. Schuckert, M., Liu, X. Law, R., 2015, Hospitality and tourism online reviews: Recent trends and future directions,Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,32(5), pp.608-621. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. Chung, C., 2016,Globalizing human resource management, Routledge. Stead, G. Stead, E., 2013,Organisational governance and strategic leadership in SSM,Sustainable strategic management (2nd edition),pp. 239-245. Stead, G. Stead, E., 2017,Value chain analysis,Sustainable strategic Marketing management,pp. 109-112.

Family Related Issues Essays - Leave, Business Law,

1) Explain if it matters that a parent literally had nothing to do with a biological child in order for the child to take advantage of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) to care for that parent. According to the FMLA standards they do not state whether a parent who was physically or financially there for their biological child can take advantage of the program. Although the FMLA has many restrictions, being able to care for an absent parent is not one of them. The Act specifically states that employees qualify for the program when either they or a family member suffer from a ?serious health condition? ("The family and," 2011; Halbert, The employee must have worked for the company for more than 12 months. They also must have worked at least 1, 250 hours during the previous year ("The family and," 2011). It also states that the condition must either prevent the worker from performing his or her job, or require the worker to care for the sickly family member ("The family and," 2011 ). In the case of caring for a parent that was absent from their child?s life is more of a moral issue. A child is not obligated to take care of a parent; it is totally up to that person as to wh ether they would want to deal with that matter. After all the man was still Tony?s father, and even though he was never in his life for whatever reason. Tony still feels as though it is his duty to be there for his father in his time of need. With Tony he wanted to do the right thing for his father, even though he never had a relationship with him. Tony seen taking care of his father as the perfect opportunity to create a bond between the both of them and it may have been his last chance to really get to know him. There are three different kinds of FMLA leave that Tony would qualify for to care for his father. First, there is the Continuous FMLA leave when an employee is absent for more than three consecutive business days and has been treated by a doctor ("The family and," 2011). Second, there is the Intermittent FMLA leave which is when an employee is taking time off in separate blocks due to a serious health condition that qualifies for FMLA. This leave can be in hourly, daily, or weekly increments ("The family and," 2011 ). Last, there is the Reduced schedule FMLA leave, which is when an employee needs to reduce the amount of hours they work per day or per week, often to care for a family member or to reduce stress. If Tony did decide to care for his father then he would have no problems being covered under the program. 2) Explain whether the size of the business can have any effect on whether Tony is eligible for family leave under the FMLA. A businesses size has a tremendous effect on a person?s eligibility for the FMLA program. Even though Rally Motors is a small company Tony should still be eligible to take leave under FMLA. The Act states that in a company Employees are eligible to take FMLA leave if they have worked for their employer for at least 12 months, and have worked for at least 1,250 hours over the previous 12 months, and work at a location where at least 50 employees are employed by the employer within 75 miles ("The family and," 2011; Halbert, This rule is better known as the ?50/75? rule. Now if the company had less than 50 employees, then they would not be required to implement the FMLA because the company may not be able to function with a small amount of personnel ("The family and," 2011; Halbert, In one part of the video Tony?s tells Mr. Herman that he has at least fifty employees if he counted everyone that was currently working for the company. Mr. Herman?s gripe was that the company was very smal l, and everyone in the company was a crucial asset to the business. As long Rally

Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Essays

Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Essays Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Paper Is the representation of men and masculinity changing in popular culture Paper Essay Topic: Discipline and Punish the Birth Of the Prison Popular Andrew Ettinghausen is familiar Australian-wide not only through his performance on the rugby field but also through his appearances in the media as a model for advertisements for a variety of products, like mens clothing. According to Buchbinder, he therefore runs the risk of becoming that anathematised thing, the male object of the gaze. Many of his appearances in television commercials evade the simple objectification of his body, and hence of his discursive position, by some of the strategies mentioned. However, a nude photograph of the famous Ettinghausen body invites his transformation into an eroticised object of the gaze. By allowing his body to be viewed as an object Ettinghausen was deemed, apparently, to have forfeited his claim to subjectivity, and hence control over his body. It became, as it were, public property. The Ettinghausen case throws suggestively into relief a number of the anxieties and concerns that beset men trying to live in accordance to the dominant model of masculinity, not the least of which is the positioning of the male as the object of the gaze which on one hand disciplines and supervises and on the other, may also articulate that of desire. 8 Moreover, Ettinghausens story also suggests that, according to Buchbinder, for all masculinitys pervasive tyranny over both men and women in the culture, its superiority and power rest on fragile, even treacherous, foundations. 9 In contrast, not all agree on the desirability of women looking at men. While some argue that this change represents a genuine advance, others suggest that to turn men into sex objects is a setback for the debate surrounding equal opportunity. Consensus is impossible in this debate, but Creed says that at least the debate has made one definite gain, being that it has forced general recognition that women do, and should be allowed to, derive pleasure from looking, an activity that for too long has been the preserve of men10. Creed continues by saying that the concept of masculinities also reinforces the view that gender is a constructed category rather than a pre given category. Sean Dixon also argues, like Creed, that, masculinity is not a fixed and unitary category.. Rather, like all identities masculinities are invented categories11. The re emergence of womens movements, mens movements and the gay liberation movement has raised questions regarding dominant forms of masculinity and defined masculinity as a problem in recent times, as mentioned previously. Economic changes within society have also been a major contributor in regards to destabilising and re defining masculinity. Shifts within dominant forms of masculinity have also occurred due to these economic changes. The question may now be raised as to; has hegemonic masculinity changed? In response, it may be argued that yes, hegemonic masculinity has in fact changed, especially in terms of ideals. The development of new consumer markets, for example the expanding dare to care market, has had a massive impact upon the changing representations of men and masculinity in popular culture. The new mens magazines provide a good place to start looking at these new consumer markets and changing representations. According to Tony Schirato and Susan Yell, there are several reasons for the appearance of these new mens magazines on the stands. Firstly, the increasing public profile and acceptance of the mens movement, indicates that there is a discursive space in which men talking about men can take place. Secondly, the expanding market recognises the demand by advertisers for a print media vehicle for marketing to men more broadly. Thirdly, mens increasing exposure to and wider acceptance of feminism has therefore challenged polarised notions surrounding gender identity. 12 These magazines provide a discursive site for the production and circulation of new forms of masculine subjectivity says Schirato and Yell. Some critics argue that while film, lifestyle magazines and popular culture are prepared to examine masculinity, they are not prepared to question male power itself. Creed suggests that this seems as true today as it was 70 years ago, judging by the surrealists discussions. The mainstream press and television programs hardly ever articulate awareness of the existence of a range of masculinities, instead promoting masculinity as a unitary category. 13 It is important to acknowledge that a range of masculinities exist within society when assessing the question as to whether representations of men and masculinity are changing in popular culture. The media rarely question the nature surrounding the masculinity displayed by male sporting heroes and politicians to name a few. Masculinity is a transparent, singular, obvious quality. 14 This view was confirmed in the late 1990s by cultural theorist Jackie Cook in her study associated with the representations depicted of male bodies in mens magazines, for instance, in Flex Magazine, Musclemag and Ralph. She concluded that although more attention was given to health issues and the body, there appeared that there was no particular change in images of masculinity itself, especially in relation to its ongoing social and cultural dominance. 15 Cook argues that although men may adopt provocative poses that were once the territory of the female model, women continue to be depicted as ornaments. Therefore it may be argued that yes, changes are associated with the representations of men and masculinity in popular culture, but these changes are perhaps not real changes. Creed suggests that, unless men are prepared to question the nature of male power its alignment with aggression and its subordination of women and children it is difficult to envisage any lasting or worthwhile changes taking place. 16 It can be concluded that representations of men and masculinity in popular culture are changing due to the new man phenomenon which may be described as a true creation of the media, although changes addressing the inner workings of the male are yet to be seen. Robert Bly believes that, men are still encouraged to look upwards and out rather than inwards and down, into themselves. 17 It may also be seen that new relations exist in terms of looking that challenge the conventional dynamics where men own the gaze and others are the object of the gaze. Cultural theorist L. H. M Ling warns of the problems which surface when the issue of masculine identity continues to be defined as hyper masculinity. 18 It is crucial that masculinity be re thought particularly in relation to the new global media. 19. References B.Creed, Media Matrix: Sexing the New Reality, North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2003, ch. 5, The Full Monty: Postmodern Men and the Media D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994 J. Hearn, The Gender Oppression: Men, masculinity and the critique of Marxism, Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books Limited,1987 J. Cook, Mens Magazines at the Millennium Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, vol. 14, 2000 L. H. M Ling, Sex Machine: Global Hyper masculinity and Images of the Asian Woman in Modernity Positions, vol. 7, no. 2, 1999 R. Bly, Iron John, New York: Addison Wesley, 1990 S. Nixon, Exhibiting Masculinity in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall, London: Sage, 1997 T. Schirato S. Yell, The new mens magazines and the performance of masculinity, Media International Australia, no. 92, 1999 Bibliography C. W. Franklin, The Changing Definition of Masculinity, New York: Plenum Press, 1984 D. Coad, Gender Trouble Down Under: Australian Masculinities, Paris, Presses Universitaires de Valenciennes, ch. 6 The Queer Nineties, 1992 D. Savran, Taking It Like A Man: White Masculinity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Culture, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998 H. Franks, Goodbye Tarzan: Men After Feminism, NSW: Allen Unwin, 1984 M. Dyson, Re negotiating the Australian Legend: Khe Sanh and the Jimmy Barnes Stage Persona, Limina, vol. 4, 1998 R. W. Connell, Masculinities, NSW: Allen Unwin, 1995 1 J. Hearn, The Gender Oppression: Men, masculinity and the critique of Marxism, Great Britain: Wheatsheaf Books Limited,1987, p. 5 2 Note 1, p. 6 : Kimmel, 1987. 3 Note 1, p. 8 4 D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994, p. 2 5 Note 4, p. 3 6 B. Creed, Media Matrix: Sexing the New Reality, North Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2003, ch. 5, The Full Monty: Postmodern Men and the Media pp. 78 96 7 Note 6 8 The notion of the supervising and disciplining gaze is developed by Michael Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1977) in D. Buchbinder, Masculinities and Identities, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1994 9 Note 4, p. 83 10 Note 6, p. 84 11 S. Nixon, Exhibiting Masculinity in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall, London: Sage, p. 301 12 T. Schirato S. Yell, The new mens magazines and the performance of masculinity, Media International Australia, no. 92, p. 81 90 13 Note 6 14 Note 6 15 J. Cook, Mens Magazines at the Millennium Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, vol. 14. p. 171 86 16 Note 6 17 R. Bly, Iron John, New York: Addison Wesley, 1990 18 L. H. M Ling, Sex Machine: Global Hyper masculinity and Images of the Asian Woman in Modernity Positions, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 277 306.

What strategies are effective in prolonging breastfeeding Essay

What strategies are effective in prolonging breastfeeding - Essay Example Also, breast milk is economical, readily available (NHS, 2007), and could positively affect the child’s IQ level. (Angelsen et al., 2001) For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends mothers to breastfeed their baby up to the first 6th month of age (WHO, 2007) while others recommend that breastfeeding should last up to the 12th month of age (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2003). Considering the benefits of breastfeeding, it is necessary to determine several strategies that could prolong the breastfeeding between the nursing mother and a new born infant. In the process, the research study will contribute a lot to the â€Å"Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative† (BFHI) project that was organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) back in 1992 in order to promote a global breast-feeding practice. (Unicef, 2007) A lot of mothers are experiencing difficulties related to breastfeeding during the early part of postpartum period. There are quite a number of factors such as the type of labour and birth (Jordan et al., 2005; Henderson et al., 2003; Rowe-Murray & Fisher, 2002; Sinusas & Gagliardi, 2001) as well as nutritional intake the expectant mother (McCrory et al., 1999) has been exposed with may affect the production of breast milk among the newly mothers. A good example related to the type of labour is the research study conducted by Torvaldsen et al. (2006), Baumgarder et al. (2003, and Henderson et al. (2003) showing the use of epidurals or adding fentanyl (an opoid) to epidurals analgesia during the time the expectant mother is in labour blocks the opportunity for mothers to fully breastfed their infants few days after the delivery. Eventually, the drug ceases breast milk production during or right after the first 24 weeks. Although it has been noted that the use of epidurals could result to difficulty in breastfeeding, the impact of